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CotA laccase from\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus licheniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      has shown significant efficacy in degrading mycotoxins in vitro test. The efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase in animals, however, remains to be confirmed. A 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 factorial design was used to investigate the effects of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase level (0 or 1 U\/kg),\u00a0AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      challenge (challenged or unchallenged) and their interactions on ducks. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase in alleviating AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      toxicosis of ducks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase alleviated AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced declines in growth performance\u00a0of ducks accompanied\u00a0by improved average daily gain (ADG) and lower feed\/gain ratio\u00a0(F\/G).\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase ameliorated AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced gut barrier dysfunctions and inflammation testified by increasing the jejunal villi height\/crypt depth ratio (VH\/CD) and the mRNA expression of tight junction protein 1 (\n                      <jats:italic>TJP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and zonula occluden-1 (\n                      <jats:italic>ZO-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) as well as decreasing the expression of inflammation-related genes in the jejunum of ducks. Amino acid metabolome showed that\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase ameliorated AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced amino acid metabolism disorders evidenced by increasing the level of glutamic acid in serum and upregulating the expression of amino acid transport related genes in jejunum of ducks.\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase ameliorated AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -induced liver injury testified by suppressing oxidative stress, inhibiting apoptosis, and downregulating the expression of hepatic metabolic enzyme related genes of ducks. Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase degraded AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      in digestive tract of ducks, resulting in the reduced absorption level of AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      across intestinal epithelium testified by the decreased level of AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      -DNA adduct in the liver, and the reduced content of AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      residues in liver and feces of ducks.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      CotA laccase effectively improved the growth performance, intestinal health, amino acid metabolism and hepatic aflatoxin metabolism of ducks fed AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      diets, highlighting its potential as an efficient and safe feed enzyme for AFB\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      degradation in animal production.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-024-01091-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T21:01:42Z","timestamp":1728507702000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Bacillus CotA laccase improved the intestinal health, amino acid metabolism and hepatic metabolic capacity of Pekin ducks fed naturally contaminated AFB1 diet"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanrong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaigai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongpeng","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shimeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiugang","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lihong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1091_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2020.111161","volume":"137","author":"A Cimbalo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cimbalo A, Alonso-Garrido M, Font G, Manyes L. 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