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This study aimed to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with a\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based probiotic could alleviate gut damage induced by rotavirus (RV) infection in piglets. Twenty-four piglets were randomly assigned into 2 groups fed with the basal diet (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200916) and the diet containing 10\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      colony-forming unit\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spores\/kg (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098). On d\u00a08, 8 piglets fed with the diet supplemented with\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based probiotic and 8 piglets fed with basal diet were orally infused with RV, while the residue piglets had oral gavage of sterile essential medium. The trial duration was 12\u00a0d.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      RV challenge induced diarrhea, significantly destroyed the morphology of jejunal mucosa (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), significantly increased RV-antibody and RV non-structural protein 4 of jejunal mucosa (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), significantly impaired antioxidant capacity (including malondialdehyde level, total antioxidant capacity and catalase activity), immunity (such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 and secreted immunoglobulin A levels), mucins and the mRNA expression of tight-junction-related (such as Zonula occludens 1, occludin) and apoptotic-related (including B-cell lymphoma\/leukaemia-2-associated X protein, B cell lymphoma\/leukaemia-2, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinases) genes of jejunal mucosa (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and, to some extents, affected the bacteria community structure and abundance of ileal digesta in piglets. However,\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based probiotic administration could significantly attenuate the negative effects of RV infection on gut health of piglets (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggested that supplementing\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      -based probiotic in the diet could decrease diarrhea rate, and improve gut health in weaned piglets, which was associated with regulating intestinal antioxidant capacity, apoptosis, and microbiota.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01286-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:01:40Z","timestamp":1764374500000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Dietary supplementation with Bacillus-based probiotic improves gut health in the weaned piglets challenged by rotavirus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Fengyu","family":"Xiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dayan","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuheng","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junqiu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junning","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huifen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Kyaw","family":"Htoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santa Maria","family":"Mendoza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiling","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangbing","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"1286_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zimmerman JJ, Karriker LA, Ramirez A, Schwartz KJ, Stevenson GW, Zhang JQ. 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