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Therefore, this study aimed to explore the impact of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      on gut health and its role in modulating host\u2013microbe interactions in post\u2010weaning pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      ETEC infection disrupted key metabolic pathways in distal colon, including glutathione, beta-alanine, and pyrimidine metabolism, indicating increased oxidative stress, impaired nucleotide balance, and amino acid catabolic stress.\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation induced distinct metabolomic and microbiome profiles in colon digesta of weaned pigs challenged with ETEC.\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      -treated pigs under ETEC challenge exhibited significant enrichment in amino acid- and energy-related pathways such as arginine biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis. ETEC infection induced microbial dysbiosis in the distal colon, resulting in decrease (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) in abundance of Streptococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae compared to healthy controls.\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      supplementation mitigated the ETEC-induced disruptions by increasing the relative abundance of beneficial bacterial families, including Lachnospiraceae and Bacteroidaceae.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Supplementation of\n                      <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic>\n                      improves intestinal health and resilience against ETEC challenge by mitigating infection-induced metabolic disruptions and gut dysbiosis in weaned pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01313-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:01:57Z","timestamp":1764979317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis on the metabolic profiles and microbial ecology of weanling pigs experimentally infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Kwangwook","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangwoo","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Jinno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7727-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1313_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1079\/AHR2005105","volume":"6","author":"JM Fairbrother","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fairbrother JM, Nadeau \u00c9, Gyles CL. 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