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However, endogenous VFA profiles and their physiological relevance remain insufficiently characterized. This study aimed to identify distinct VFA phenotypes in weaned piglets and reveal how microbial fermentation patterns connect gut metabolism with animal health and performance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this study, we integrated six independent trials comprising 164 weaned piglets. Here, k-means clustering of six VFAs in colonic digesta to identified two metabolite phenotypes: high level of short-chain fatty acids (HSCFA) and high level of branched-chain fatty acids (HBCFA). Generally, The HSCFA group exhibited significantly higher concentrations of VFA (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and lower levels of ammonia and serum urea (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), consistent with enhanced carbohydrate fermentation and reduced nitrogen output. Additionally, the HSCFA group had significantly greater villus height in the distal small intestine (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), lower mid-colonic pH (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and thrombocyte counts (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). In contrast, the HBCFA group showed elevated levels of branched-chain fatty acids and ammonia (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), as well as enrichment of\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      , Rikenellaceae dgA-11 gut group and\n                      <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                      (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). The HSCFA group was enriched in\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Mitsuokella<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Dialister<\/jats:italic>\n                      (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and exhibited higher final body weight and average daily gain (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), indicating better growth performance. To explore associations between gut microbiota and VFA phenotypes, an XGBoost classification model was trained, based on genus-level composition, to predict the metabolic phenotype. It achieved a moderate accuracy and identified Unclassified\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium coprostanoligenes<\/jats:italic>\n                      group,\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia-Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      as important genera contributing to group separation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clustering based on colonic VFA profiles identified distinct microbial and physiological patterns that may influence gut function and growth performance in weaned piglets. The enrichment of beneficial microbes and fermentation products in the HSCFA group suggests a more favorable intestinal environment, while protein fermentation in the colon seems associated with reduced animal performance and less beneficial intestinal environment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-026-01353-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:01:33Z","timestamp":1772755293000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrative clustering by colonic volatile fatty acids reveals microbiota and host physiological variation in weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9908-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stijn","family":"Heirbaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joris","family":"Michiels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhuang","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anneke","family":"Ovyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"No\u00e9mie","family":"Van Noten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elout","family":"Van Liefferinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8139-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeroen","family":"Degroote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"1353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2019.1690363","volume":"11","author":"Y Patil","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patil Y, Gooneratne R, Ju XH. 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