{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T18:36:44Z","timestamp":1794335804607,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783296000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32302766"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32302766"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Animal Sci Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Weaning stress predisposes piglets to intestinal barrier disruption and gut dysbiosis, which contribute to post-weaning diarrhea and poor feed efficiency. Chicory (\n                      <jats:italic>Cichorium intybus<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) polysaccharide (CLP) is a fructan-rich prebiotic candidate; however, how CLP reshapes the microbiota-metabolite network to protect the colon remains unclear.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In Exp. 1, 96 weaned piglets [Duroc\u2009\u00d7\u2009(Landrace\u2009\u00d7\u2009Yorkshire), 28\u00a0days old, 8.03\u2009\u00b1\u20090.2\u00a0kg] were fed a basal diet (CON group) or a 0.5% CLP supplemented diet (CLP group). In Exp. 2, fecal microbiota from piglets were transplanted into dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mice to confirm the causal role of the CLP-remodeled microbiota. Metagenomic and untargeted metabolomic analyses were employed to identify key microbial species and functional metabolites. In Exp. 3, Caco-2 cells were treated with varying concentrations of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) for 24\u00a0h to functionally validate the regulatory effects on\n                      <jats:italic>TGR5<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0and\n                      <jats:italic>FXR<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0expression levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results showed that dietary CLP significantly decreased the feed to gain ratio, diarrhea rate and histology index (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), but increased goblet cell numbers (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Metagenomic sequencing revealed that CLP significantly increased microbial \u03b1-diversity and remodeled the community structure, specifically enriching beneficial microbes, such as\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp.,\n                      <jats:italic>Eubacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp., and\n                      <jats:italic>Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      sp. To test microbiota causality, fecal microbiota from CON or CLP piglets was transplanted into antibiotic treated mice followed by DSS challenge. The CLP modified microbiota alleviates DSS induced colitis, upregulated Occludin and ZO-1 expression, and reduced colonic IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 levels. Mechanistically, the CLP remodeled microbiota promoted the accumulation of HDCA, which functioned as a signaling ligand to activate the colonic TGR5 receptor. This activation subsequently suppressed the phosphorylation of Akt (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), leading to the inhibition of the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway through the reduced phosphorylation of I\u03baB\u03b1 and the p65 subunit (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), thereby effectively abrogating the inflammatory response.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dietary CLP supplementation mitigates weaning induced intestinal injury and inflammation by remodeling the colonic microbiota, specifically enriching HDCA-producing species. The subsequent activation of the HDCA-TGR5-Akt signaling axis inhibits the NF-\u03baB pathway, thereby improving host immune responses and intestinal barrier function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:10:27Z","timestamp":1783296627000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Cichorium intybus L. polysaccharide improves growth performance and colonic barrier function in weaned piglets via the microbiota-HDCA-TGR5-Akt-NF-\u03baB signaling axis: validation by FMT and in vitro models"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fudong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junhong","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbiao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1449_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1042778","volume":"13","author":"X Tang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tang X, Xiong K, Fang R, Li M. Weaning stress and intestinal health of piglets: A review. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1042778. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1042778.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1449_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14040584","volume":"14","author":"CF Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang CF, Zhong Y, Liu H, Wang HM, Li YL, Wang QY, et al. Effects of dietary supplementation with tea residue on growth performance, digestibility, and diarrhea in piglets. Animals. 2024;14:584. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani14040584.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1449_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c00554","volume":"72","author":"B Sun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sun B, Sun YC, Sun YT, Zhou XB, Han XS, Han YX, et al. Leucine supplementation modulates lipid metabolism and inflammation in early weaning piglets. J Agric Food Chem. 2024;72:13610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c00554.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.animal.2025.101684","volume":"19","author":"J Suppi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Suppi J, Salgado-Lopez P, Llaurado-Calero E, Coma J, Pelegri-Pineda A, Saco Y, et al. Faecal inflammatory biomarkers as non-invasive indicators of feed intake status in weaned piglets. Animal. 2025;19:101684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.animal.2025.101684.","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"1449_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.006","volume":"17","author":"Q Tang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tang Q, Lan T, Zhou C, Gao J, Wu L, Wei H, et al. Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. Anim Nutr. 2024;17:297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.006.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"1449_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147049","author":"YG Sun","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sun YG, Zhang SS, Nie SP. Gut microbiota modulation by polysaccharide from Aloe gel: potential prebiotic and targeted regulatory effects. Food Chem. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.147049.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08816","volume":"72","author":"XY Huang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Huang XY, Jiang FM, Chen XY, Xian YH. Plant-derived polysaccharides benefit weaned piglets by regulating intestinal microbiota: A review. J Agric Food Chem. 2024;72:28225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08816.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116423","volume":"327","author":"AJ Thanippilly","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thanippilly AJ, Kumar S, Balaga S, Samanta AK. Synergistic effects of Emblica officinalis with optimized synbiotic formulation on the growth and neonatal health of Murrah buffalo calves. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2025;327:116423. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2025.116423.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"1449_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-021-03776-3","volume":"19","author":"U Basaran","year":"2022","unstructured":"Basaran U, Dogrusoz MC, Yaman C, Gulumser E, Mut H. Nutritional value, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activities of wild chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) from Turkey. Int J Environ Sci Technol. 2022;19:8429. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13762-021-03776-3.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Sci Technol"},{"key":"1449_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127676","volume":"336","author":"J Perovic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Perovic J, Saponjac VT, Kojic J, Krulj J, Moreno DA, Garc\u00eda-Viguera C, et al. Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) as a food ingredient - nutritional composition, bioactivity, safety, and health claims: A review. Food Chem. 2021;336:127676. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127676.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.11.016","volume":"20","author":"DD Lu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lu DD, Feng CP, Pi Y, Ye H, Wu YJ, Huang BX, et al. Maternal dietary inulin intake during late gestation and lactation ameliorates intestinal oxidative stress in piglets with the involvements of gut microbiota and bile acids metabolism. Anim Nutr. 2025;20:318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.11.016.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"1449_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118821","volume":"277","author":"WN Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang WN, Zhao P, Li X, Guo LP, Gao WY. The potential roles of natural plant polysaccharides in inflammatory bowel disease: A review. Carbohydr Polym. 2022;277:118821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2021.118821.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"1449_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani9100840","volume":"9","author":"WK Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang WK, Chen DW, Yu B, Huang ZQ, Luo YH, Zheng P, et al. Effect of dietary inulin supplementation on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in growing-finishing pigs. Animals. 2019;9:840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani9100840.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1449_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2026.116641","volume":"334","author":"Z Li","year":"2026","unstructured":"Li Z, Kang M, Ko K, Song Y, Lee Y, Zhang G. Dietary inulin improves growth performance and systemic health of fattening goats by modulating rumen microbiome and metabolome. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2026;334:116641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2026.116641.","journal-title":"Anim Feed Sci Technol"},{"key":"1449_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14111863","volume":"14","author":"R Zang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zang R, Zhou R, Li Y, Liu Z, Wu H, Lu L, et al. Oleuropein regulates bile acid metabolism via modulating the gut microbiota, thereby alleviating DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Foods. 2025;14:1863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/foods14111863.","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"1449_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2353-0","volume":"67","author":"W Jia","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jia W, Li Y, Cheung KCP, Zheng X. Bile acid signaling in the regulation of whole body metabolic and immunological homeostasis. Sci China Life Sci. 2024;67:865. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11427-023-2353-0.","journal-title":"Sci China Life Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-024-00914-3","volume":"21","author":"I Mohanty","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mohanty I, Allaband C, Mannochio-Russo H, El Abiead Y, Hagey LR, Knight R, et al. The changing metabolic landscape of bile acids - keys to metabolism and immune regulation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21:493. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41575-024-00914-3.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"1449_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114830","volume":"43","author":"ZL Si","year":"2024","unstructured":"Si ZL, Wang HY, Wang T, Cao YZ, Li QZ, Liu K, et al. Gut Bacteroides ovatus ameliorates renal fibrosis by promoting the production of HDCA through upregulation of Clostridium scindens. Cell Rep. 2024;43:114830. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114830.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"1449_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-023-00374-8","volume":"9","author":"C Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao C, Wu K, Hao H, Zhao Y, Bao L, Qiu M, et al. Gut microbiota-mediated secondary bile acid alleviates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis through the TGR5-cAMP-PKA-NF-\u03baB\/NLRP3 pathways in mice. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2023;9:8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-023-00374-8.","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"1449_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202303167","volume":"10","author":"SQ Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang SQ, Liu YH, Sun QW, Zeng BW, Liu C, Gong LM, et al. Triple cross-linked dynamic responsive hydrogel loaded with selenium nanoparticles for modulating the inflammatory microenvironment via PI3k\/Akt\/NF-\u03bab and mapk signaling pathways. Adv Sci. 2023;10:e2303167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202303167.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.042","volume":"55","author":"WM Pi","year":"2026","unstructured":"Pi WM, Li G, Qiu HL, Zhao YH, Zhang YZ, Tan XR, et al. Single chiral center epimerization-modulated multi-carrier-free oral hydrogel for remolding inflammatory microenvironment via PI3K\/Akt\/ NF-\u03baB and MAPK signaling pathways. Bioact Mater. 2026;55:623. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2025.09.042.","journal-title":"Bioact Mater"},{"key":"1449_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-025-01310-w","volume":"22","author":"H Mao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mao H, Zhao X, Sun S-c. NF-\u03baB in inflammation and cancer. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22:811. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41423-025-01310-w.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"1449_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154365","volume":"105","author":"MQ Hao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hao MQ, Ding CB, Peng XJ, Chen HY, Dong L, Zhang Y, et al. Ginseng under forest exerts stronger anti-aging effects compared to garden ginseng probably via regulating PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR pathway, SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB pathway and intestinal flora. Phytomedicine. 2022;105:154365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154365.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101572","volume":"101","author":"XY Cheng","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cheng XY, Cao ZY, Luo JR, Hu RM, Cao HB, Guo XQ, et al. Baicalin ameliorates APEC-induced intestinal injury in chicks by inhibiting the PI3K\/AKT-mediated NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. Poult Sci. 2022;101:101572. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psj.2021.101572.","journal-title":"Poult Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155052","volume":"120","author":"CC Li","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li CC, Gong LQ, Jiang Y, Huo XY, Huang LJ, Lei HR, et al. Sanguisorba officinalis ethyl acetate extract attenuates ulcerative colitis through inhibiting PI3K-AKT\/NF-\u03baB\/ STAT3 pathway uncovered by single-cell RNA sequencing. Phytomedicine. 2023;120:155052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155052.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113726","volume":"170","author":"A Redondo-Cuenca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Redondo-Cuenca A, Elizabeth Herrera-Vazquez S, Condezo-Hoyos L, Gomez-Ordonez E, Ruperez P. Inulin extraction from common inulin-containing plant sources. Ind Crops Prod. 2021;170:113726. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.indcrop.2021.113726.","journal-title":"Ind Crops Prod"},{"key":"1449_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06905","volume":"73","author":"L Feng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Feng L, Ju M, Ma C, Li K, Cai S. Immunomodulatory acidic polysaccharide from jujube fruit (Zizyphus jujuba Mill.): Insight into their chemical characteristics and modes of action. J Agric Food Chem. 2025;73:450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c06905.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR28","volume-title":"Nutrient requirements of swine","author":"NRC","year":"2012","unstructured":"National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of swine. 11th revised ed. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press; 2012.","edition":"11th revised ed"},{"key":"1449_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf120","volume":"103","author":"Z Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang Z, Zhang G, He X, Sun Z, Zhao J, Liu L. Effects of extruded corn distillers dried grains with solubles on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gut health, and microbiota diversity in weaned piglets. J Anim Sci. 2025;103:skaf120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf120.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01896-9","volume":"12","author":"S Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang S, Nie Q, Sun Y, Zuo S, Chen C, Li S, et al. Bacteroides uniformis degrades \u03b2-glucan to promote Lactobacillus johnsonii improving indole-3-lactic acid levels in alleviating colitis. Microbiome. 2024;12:177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-01896-9.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1449_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-53144-1","volume":"15","author":"Y Wu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wu Y, Zhang X, Liu X, Zhao Z, Tao S, Xu Q, et al. Galactooligosaccharides and Limosilactobacillus reuteri synergistically alleviate gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction by enriching Bacteroides acidifaciens for pentadecanoic acid biosynthesis. Nat Commun. 2024;15:9291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-024-53144-1.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1449_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2232143","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2232143","volume":"15","author":"B Han","year":"2023","unstructured":"Han B, Lv X, Liu G, Li S, Fan J, Chen L, et al. Gut microbiota-related bile acid metabolism-FXR\/TGR5 axis impacts the response to anti-\u03b14\u03b27-integrin therapy in humanized mice with colitis. Gut Microbes. 2023;15:2232143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2023.2232143.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"1449_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/1745039x.2021.1877074","volume":"75","author":"G Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang G, Zhao JB, Dong WX, Song XM, Zang JJ, Ni SQ, et al. Effects of tea tree oil supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune status and microbial community in weaned pigs. Arch Anim Nutr. 2021;75:121. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1745039x.2021.1877074.","journal-title":"Arch Anim Nutr"},{"key":"1449_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02011-8","volume":"13","author":"Z Lin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lin Z, Feng Y, Wang J, Men Z, Ma X. Microbiota governs host chenodeoxycholic acid glucuronidation to ameliorate bile acid disorder induced diarrhea. Microbiome. 2025;13:36. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02011-8.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1449_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124808","volume":"375","author":"XY Wu","year":"2026","unstructured":"Wu XY, Wei JJ, Deng RZ, Wang JY, Wu B, Yan TX, et al. The Akkermansia muciniphila-tryptophan metabolism-aromatic hydrocarbon receptor axis mediates the protective effect of Schisandra chinensis pectin polysaccharide against colitis. Carbohydr Polym. 2026;375:124808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124808.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"1449_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-024-00339-x","volume":"8","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, Pan Y, Jiang Y, Chen M, Ma X, Yu X, et al. Akkermansia muciniphila ONE effectively ameliorates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. npj Sci Food. 2024;8:97. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41538-024-00339-x.","journal-title":"npj Sci Food"},{"key":"1449_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00582-w","volume":"10","author":"G Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang G, Cao L, Li S, Zhang M, Li Y, Duan J, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis-mediated ceramides elevation contributes to corticosterone-induced depression by impairing mitochondrial function. npj Biofilms Microbiomes. 2024;10:111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41522-024-00582-w.","journal-title":"npj Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"1449_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138765","volume":"445","author":"S Lu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Lu S, Xu Y, Song X, Li J, Jiang J, Qin C, et al. Multi-omics reveal the effects and regulatory mechanism of dietary neutral detergent fiber supplementation on carcass characteristics, amino acid profiles, and meat quality of finishing pigs. Food Chem. 2024;445:138765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.138765.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202509807","volume":"13","author":"L Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang L, Li ZC, Hu TC, Li QY, Zhang LW, Mei XY, et al. Wedelolactone, a novel TLR2 agonist, promotes neutrophil differentiation and ameliorates neutropenia: A Multi-Omics approach to unravel the mechanism. Adv Sci. 2025;13:e09807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202509807.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","volume":"31","author":"O Trott","year":"2010","unstructured":"Trott O, Olson AJ. Software news and update AutoDock Vina: Improving the speed and accuracy of docking with a new scoring function, efficient optimization, and multithreading. J Comput Chem. 2010;31:455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcc.21334.","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2020.1732394","volume":"48","author":"YY Xing","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xing YY, Li KN, Xu YQ, Wu YZ, Shi LL, Guo SW, et al. Effects of galacto-oligosaccharide on growth performance, feacal microbiota, immune response and antioxidant capability in weaned piglets. J Appl Anim Res. 2020;48:63. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09712119.2020.1732394.","journal-title":"J Appl Anim Res"},{"key":"1449_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19082407","volume":"19","author":"BB He","year":"2018","unstructured":"He BB, Bai Y, Jiang LL, Wang W, Li TT, Liu P, et al. Effects of oat bran on nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbiota, and inflammatory responses in the hindgut of growing pigs. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19:2407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19082407.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13060964","volume":"13","author":"FZ Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun FZ, Li HH, Sun ZQ, Liu L, Zhang XJ, Zhao JB. Effect of arabinoxylan and xylo-oligosaccharide on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in weaned piglets. Animals. 2023;13:964. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ani13060964.","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"1449_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0007114520001130","volume":"124","author":"W Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang W, Chen D, Yu B, Huang Z, Mao X, Zheng P, et al. Effects of dietary inulin supplementation on growth performance, intestinal barrier integrity and microbial populations in weaned pigs. Br J Nutr. 2020;124:296. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0007114520001130.","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"1449_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040519","volume":"11","author":"Y Zhou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhou Y, Luo Y, Yu B, Zheng P, Yu J, Huang Z, et al. Effect of \u03b2-glucan supplementation on growth performance and intestinal epithelium functions in weaned pigs challenged by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Antibiotics. 2022;11:519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antibiotics11040519.","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"1449_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaf451","volume":"104","author":"TJ Erinle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Erinle TJ, de Oliveira MJK, Htoo JK, Mendoza SM, Thomassin J-L, Columbus DA. High indigestible dietary protein impairs growth and health status of nursery pigs with Salmonella typhimurium more than with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 challenge. J Anim Sci. 2025;104:skaf451. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jas\/skaf451.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202505208","volume":"12","author":"Y Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu Q, Li Y, Huang Y, Yu K, et al. Honeysuckle-derived nanovesicles regulate gut microbiota for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Adv Sci. 2025;12:e05208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202505208.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123710","volume":"364","author":"Z Dou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dou Z, Tian Y, Zhang Y, Zhang W, Duan Q, Huang Q, et al. Pectin-type polysaccharides from raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.): structure characterization and activity against DSS-induced colitis. Carbohydr Polym. 2025;364:123710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.123710.","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"1449_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17183001","volume":"17","author":"S La","year":"2025","unstructured":"La S, Abaidullah M, Li H, Cui Y, Liu B, Shi Y. Alfalfa polysaccharide alleviates colitis by regulating intestinal microbiota and the intestinal barrier against the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Nutrients. 2025;17:3001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu17183001.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1449_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124199","volume":"239","author":"XX Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei XX, Li N, Wu XY, Cao GD, Qiao HP, Wang J, et al. The preventive effect of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide on lipopolysaccharide-induced acute colitis in mice by modulating gut microbial communities. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;239:124199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.124199.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1449_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-025-01938-4","volume":"10","author":"BK Thakur","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thakur BK, Malaise Y, Choudhury SR, Neustaeter A, Turpin W, Streutker C, et al. Dietary fibre counters the oncogenic potential of colibactin-producing Escherichia coli in colorectal cancer. Nat Microbiol. 2025;10:855. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-025-01938-4.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"1449_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf069","volume":"19","author":"ZY Wang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Wang ZY, Kang SS, Wu ZH, Liu XY, Zhang XY, Wu YJ, et al. Muribaculum intestinale restricts Salmonella typhimurium colonization by converting succinate to propionate. ISME J. 2025;19:wraf069. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ismejo\/wraf069.","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"1449_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2025.288","volume":"45","author":"L Cao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cao L, Wan Y-JY, Wang J, Zhu Y, Yang G. Emerging roles of porcine bile acids in disorders involving the gut-liver-brain axis: novel insights into therapeutic targeting. Pak Vet J. 2025;45:1448. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.29261\/pakvetj\/2025.288.","journal-title":"Pak Vet J"},{"key":"1449_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.011","volume":"35","author":"JL Kuang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuang JL, Wang JY, Li YT, Li MC, Zhao ML, Ge K, et al. Hyodeoxycholic acid alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through modulating the gut-liver axis. Cell Metab. 2023;35:1752. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cmet.2023.07.011.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"1449_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202406917","volume":"11","author":"K Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang K, Xu Y, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Wu Y, Yan Y, et al. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum-derived bile acid from dietary carvacrol and thymol supplementation attenuates colitis via cGMP-PKG-mTORC1 pathway. Adv Sci. 2024;11:e2406917. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/advs.202406917.","journal-title":"Adv Sci"},{"key":"1449_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1669658","volume":"16","author":"Z Bian","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bian Z, Li Q, Gou H, Li Y, Jiang Z, Chu P, et al. Lactobacillus reuteri-derived HDCA suppresses PEDV replication while alleviating virus-triggered inflammation in piglets. Front Microbiol. 2025;16:1669658. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1669658.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"1449_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141467","volume":"307","author":"D Tao","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tao D, Dong Y, Che D, Wang Z, Zheng Y, Han R, et al. Acanthopanax senticosus polysaccharide alleviates LPS-induced intestinal inflammation in piglets by gut microbiota and hyodeoxycholic acid regulation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;307:141467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141467.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1449_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155965","volume":"134","author":"YS Song","year":"2024","unstructured":"Song YS, Chen Y, Cai H, Zhu GP, Zeng YY, Abuduxukuer Z, et al. Lentinan attenuates allergic airway inflammation and epithelial barrier dysfunction in asthma via inhibition of the PI3K\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB pathway. Phytomedicine. 2024;134:155965. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155965.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155464","volume":"128","author":"P Tuo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tuo P, Zhao RS, Li N, Yan S, Yang GG, Wang CM, et al. Lycorine inhibits Ang II-induced heart remodeling and inflammation by suppressing the PI3K-AKT\/NF\u03ba B pathway. Phytomedicine. 2024;128:155464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155464.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115063","volume":"289","author":"H Zhu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhu H, Wang GR, Bai YY, Tao YL, Wang LP, Yang L, et al. Natural bear bile powder suppresses neuroinflammation in lipopolysaccharide-treated mice via regulating TGR5\/AKT\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol. 2022;289:115063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jep.2022.115063.","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"1449_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155263","volume":"124","author":"HQ Chen","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen HQ, Hu QY, Wen T, Luo LL, Liu L, Wang L, et al. Arteannuin B, a sesquiterpene lactone from Artemisia annua, attenuates inflammatory response by inhibiting the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBE2D3-mediated NF-\u03baB activation. Phytomedicine. 2024;124:155263. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.155263.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154827","volume":"115","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Y, Wang R, Li L, He Y, Yuan D, Zhang Y, et al. Total saponins from Panax japonicus reduce inflammation in adipocytes through the miR155\/SOCS1\/NFKB signaling pathway. Phytomedicine. 2023;115:15482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phymed.2023.154827.","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"1449_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144500","volume":"315","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Li M, Deng L, Zhu Y, Mu Y, Wang C, et al. Orally administered Chrysophyta polysaccharide ameliorates DSS-induced colitis via intestinal barrier improvement, oxidative stress regulation, NF-\u03baB pathway inhibition, and gut microbiota modulation. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;315:144500. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.144500.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1449_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147256","volume":"327","author":"C Li","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li C, Zhao L, Yu S, Jiang X, Xie F, Ma C, et al. Pleurotus citrinopileatus polysaccharides ameliorate DSS-induced ulcerative colitis by improving intestinal barrier and inflammation modulation via NF-\u03baB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025;327:147256. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147256.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"1449_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c01870","volume":"73","author":"LT Yi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yi LT, Wang XY, Zhou L, Cheng J, Xu GH, Zhu JX. Polysaccharides from Black Mulberry attenuate colitis through gut microbiota mediated TNF-\u03b1\/pNF-\u03baB\/ICAM-1 signaling pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2025;73:14314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c01870.","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"1449_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136206","volume":"281","author":"Y Peng","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng Y, Zhu J, Li Y, Yue X, Peng Y. Almond polysaccharides inhibit DSS-induced inflammatory response in ulcerative colitis mice through NF-\u03baB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol. 2024;281:136206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.136206.","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T00:10:29Z","timestamp":1783296629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1449"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01449-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-1891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-1891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All research procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of China Agricultural University (AW91505202-1-02, AW91505202-1-03) and complied with the Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals promulgated by the National Science and Technology Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China (Beijing).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"140"}}