{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:09:18Z","timestamp":1788995358825,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32372959"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372959"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32372961"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32372961"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32472984"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32472984"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["025YFF1000800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["025YFF1000800"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan International Joint Laboratory for Exploration and Utilization of Aromatic Chinese Medicinal Materials in Agriculture","award":["202503AP140024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202503AP140024"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Animal Sci Biotechnol"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bovine mastitis is the most prevalent and economically damaging disease affecting dairy production worldwide. The disease can reduce milk yield and quality, shorten productive herd life, and compromise animal welfare and farm profitability. Although the spectra of responsible pathogens vary widely across regions, climates, and farming systems, long-term global spatiotemporal data that could guide mastitis resistance breeding and precision nutritional strategies remain limited. This meta-analysis aimed to characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of bovine mastitis pathogens and to evaluate their associations with geography, climate, cattle breed, and husbandry systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 137 studies published between 2000 and 2025 were included, covering 37 countries and 208,510 dairy cows. The pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the five dominant pathogens were as follows:\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 19.59% (95% CI: 17.00%\u201322.47%);\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., 17.29% (95% CI: 15.14%\u201319.66%);\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 13.86% (95% CI: 11.22%\u201317.00%); Coagulase-negative staphylococci, 15.49% (95% CI: 10.12%\u201322.99%); and\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp., 9.92% (95% CI: 7.38%\u201313.20%). Overall, the pathogen spectrum clearly changed temporally over the 25-year period, with\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. exhibiting the most pronounced upward signal. Subgroup analyses suggested pathogen-specific variability across geographies and climates. The highest prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed in plateau climates and Africa. At the continent level,\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. were more prevalent in Europe and Asia, whereas climactically, they were more prevalent in plateau and tropical climates. Coagulase-negative staphylococci had the highest continental prevalence in Europe, while climate-specific estimates of its prevalence were relatively high in tropical and subtropical zones.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides long-term global evidence of the substantial temporal and geographic variability of the patterns of various bovine mastitis pathogens, including pathogen-specific evidence for geographic and climatic differences. These spatiotemporal patterns provide important etiological evidence for the targeted genetic improvement of mastitis resistance and pathogen-specific nutritional interventions. These findings provide essential etiological evidence for integrating multidisciplinary technologies including animal breeding, animal nutrition and farm health management to improve bovine mammary health, raise production efficiency and advance the sustainable development of dairy farming.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:02:23Z","timestamp":1788994943000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global spatiotemporal patterns of bovine mastitis pathogens from 2000 to 2025: a meta-analysis for precision dairy health"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guiqiu","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zimo","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuanting","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juxiong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewei","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7679-7138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjin","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shoupeng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2011.547165","volume":"59","author":"H Hogeveen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hogeveen H, Huijps K, Lam TJ. Economic aspects of mastitis: new developments. N Z Vet J. 2011;59(1):16\u201323.","journal-title":"N Z Vet J"},{"issue":"12","key":"1488_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10381","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2017-13023","volume":"100","author":"PL Ruegg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ruegg PL. A 100-year review: mastitis detection, management, and prevention. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(12):10381\u201397.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2016-11565","volume":"100","author":"D Liang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liang D, Arnold LM, Stowe CJ, Harmon RJ, Bewley JM. Estimating US dairy clinical disease costs with a stochastic simulation model. J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(2):1472\u201386.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1488_CR4","unstructured":"Coherent Market Insights. Bovine mastitis market, by type, by product, by route of administration, by therapy, by end user, and by region: size, share, outlook, and opportunity analysis, 2025\u20132032. Burlingame, CA: Coherent Market Insights; 2025. Report No. 1699457."},{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S1466252319000094","volume":"21","author":"A Ashraf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ashraf A, Imran M. Causes, types, etiological agents, prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, effects on human health and future aspects of bovine mastitis. Anim Health Res Rev. 2020;21(1):36\u201349.","journal-title":"Anim Health Res Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2021.1882713","volume":"41","author":"K Sharun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharun K, Dhama K, Tiwari R, Gugjoo MB, Iqbal Yatoo M, Patel SK, et al. Advances in therapeutic and managemental approaches of bovine mastitis: a comprehensive review. Vet Q. 2021;41(1):107\u201336.","journal-title":"Vet Q"},{"key":"1488_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3631905","DOI":"10.1155\/tbed\/3631905","volume":"2025","author":"Y Qiu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Qiu Y, Fu S, Sun N, Yang B, Feng S, Zhang J, et al. Seasonal and regional dynamics of mastitis pathogens: insights from a 3-year study in China. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2025;2025:3631905.","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg Dis"},{"key":"1488_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13253","volume":"10","author":"ET Tora","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tora ET, Bekele NB, Suresh Kumar RS. Bacterial profile of bovine mastitis in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PeerJ. 2022;10:e13253.","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"7","key":"1488_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3457","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1870","volume":"92","author":"LP Sorensen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sorensen LP, Mark T, Madsen P, Lund MS. Genetic correlations between pathogen-specific mastitis and somatic cell count in Danish Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(7):3457\u201371.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1488_CR10","first-page":"27","volume":"15","author":"YH Schukken","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schukken YH, Lam TJGM, Barkema HW. Biological basis for selection on udder health. Interbull Bull. 1997;15:27\u201333.","journal-title":"Interbull Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"1488_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.07.020","volume":"33","author":"SA Gonzalez-Chavez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Chavez SA, Arevalo-Gallegos S, Rascon-Cruz Q. Lactoferrin: structure, function and applications. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009;33(4):301 e1-308.","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"issue":"5","key":"1488_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003026","volume":"34","author":"S Pyorala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Pyorala S. Indicators of inflammation in the diagnosis of mastitis. Vet Res. 2003;34(5):565\u201378.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"1488_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2003027","volume":"34","author":"H Seegers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Seegers H, Fourichon C, Beaudeau F. Production effects related to mastitis and mastitis economics in dairy cattle herds. Vet Res. 2003;34(5):475\u201391.","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4452","volume":"95","author":"KA Thompson-Crispi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thompson-Crispi KA, Sewalem A, Miglior F, Mallard BA. Genetic parameters of adaptive immune response traits in Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95(1):401\u20139.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"1488_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr9122103","volume":"9","author":"M Gaworski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gaworski M. Implementation of technical and technological progress in dairy production. Processes. 2021;9(12):2103.","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"1488_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"1488_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","volume":"13","author":"S Cuschieri","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cuschieri S. The STROBE guidelines. Saudi J Anaesth. 2019;13(Suppl 1):S31\u20134.","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"issue":"9","key":"1488_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10099","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26513","volume":"108","author":"Y Su","year":"2000","unstructured":"Su Y, Zhao G, Xu J, Wang Y. Mapping the global distribution of Mycoplasma bovis infections in cattle (2000-2024): a geospatial modeling analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2000;108(9):10099\u2013124.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1488_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2011.11.014","volume":"65","author":"D Hoy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoy D, Brooks P, Woolf A, Blyth F, March L, Bain C, et al. Assessing risk of bias in prevalence studies: modification of an existing tool and evidence of interrater agreement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2012;65(9):934\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"1488_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2015.09.002","volume":"45","author":"R DerSimonian","year":"2015","unstructured":"DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited. Contemp Clin Trials. 2015;45(Pt A):139\u201345.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"12","key":"1488_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.791","volume":"20","author":"J Hartung","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hartung J, Knapp G. On tests of the overall treatment effect in meta-analysis with normally distributed responses. Stat Med. 2001;20(12):1771\u201382.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1488_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.094.020","volume":"94","author":"RC Paule","year":"1989","unstructured":"Paule RC, Mandel J. Consensus values, regressions, and weighting factors. J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol. 1989;94(3):197\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Res Natl Inst Stand Technol"},{"issue":"21","key":"1488_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3153","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1262","volume":"21","author":"K Sidik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sidik K, Jonkman JN. A simple confidence interval for meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002;21(21):3153\u20139.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164","volume":"7","author":"AA Veroniki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Veroniki AA, Jackson D, Viechtbauer W, Bender R, Bowden J, Knapp G, et al. Methods to estimate the between-study variance and its uncertainty in meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2016;7(1):55\u201379.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11","volume":"1","author":"W Viechtbauer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Viechtbauer W, Cheung MW. Outlier and influence diagnostics for meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2010;1(2):112\u201325.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1488_CR26","unstructured":"Deeks JJ, Higgins JPT, Altman DG, McKenzie JE, Veroniki AA. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.5. Cochrane; 2024."},{"key":"1488_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zadoks R, Fitzpatrick J. Changing trends in mastitis. Ir Vet J. 2009;62(Suppl 4):S59.","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-0481-62-S4-S59"},{"issue":"11","key":"1488_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6483","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2012-5594","volume":"95","author":"KK Reyher","year":"2012","unstructured":"Reyher KK, Haine D, Dohoo IR, Revie CW. Examining the effect of intramammary infections with minor mastitis pathogens on the acquisition of new intramammary infections with major mastitis pathogens--a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95(11):6483\u2013502.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1488_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00493","volume":"5","author":"K Thompson-Crispi","year":"2014","unstructured":"Thompson-Crispi K, Atalla H, Miglior F, Mallard BA. Bovine mastitis: frontiers in immunogenetics. Front Immunol. 2014;5:493.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1488_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.12807","volume":"97","author":"JE Coombe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Coombe JE, Tymms SM, Humphris M. Antimicrobial stewardship in the dairy industry: responding to the threat of antimicrobial resistance. Aust Vet J. 2019;97(7):231\u20132.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"5","key":"1488_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-4943","volume":"95","author":"JA Jacobs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jacobs JA, Siegford JM. Invited review: the impact of automatic milking systems on dairy cow management, behavior, health, and welfare. J Dairy Sci. 2012;95(5):2227\u201347.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"1488_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(89)79103-7","volume":"72","author":"JS Hogan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hogan JS, Smith KL, Hoblet KH, Todhunter DA, Schoenberger PS, Hueston WD, et al. Bacterial counts in bedding materials used on nine commercial dairies. J Dairy Sci. 1989;72(1):250\u20138.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"1488_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/avj.13126","volume":"100","author":"JE Coombe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Coombe JE, Morton JM, Beggs DS, Dodds MJ, Pyman MF. Breed structures in Australian dairy herds. Aust Vet J. 2022;100(1\u20132):29\u201339.","journal-title":"Aust Vet J"},{"issue":"4","key":"1488_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1080\/00288233.2024.2402518","volume":"68","author":"BA Curry","year":"2025","unstructured":"Curry BA, Dukkipati VSR, L\u00f3pez-Villalobos N. Comparative study of first lactation performance of Norwegian Red crossbred cows with traditional breeds in New Zealand dairy systems. N Z J Agric Res. 2025;68(4):712\u20137.","journal-title":"N Z J Agric Res"},{"key":"1488_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.813949","volume":"13","author":"RR Mota","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mota RR, Brito LF, Berry DP. Editorial: beef on dairy: the use of a simple tool to improve both cattle production systems. Front Genet. 2022;13:813949.","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1356","volume":"92","author":"N Begley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Begley N, Buckley F, Pierce KM, Fahey AG, Mallard BA. Differences in udder health and immune response traits of Holstein-Friesians, Norwegian reds, and their crosses in second lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(2):749\u201357.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"key":"1488_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai Z, Iso-Touru T, Sanchez MP, Kadri N, Bouwman AC, Chitneedi PK, et al. Meta-analysis of six dairy cattle breeds reveals biologically relevant candidate genes for mastitis resistance. Genet Sel Evol. 2024;56:54.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12711-024-00920-8"},{"issue":"12","key":"1488_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74720-0","volume":"84","author":"F Neijenhuis","year":"2001","unstructured":"Neijenhuis F, Barkema HW, Hogeveen H, Noordhuizen JP. Relationship between teat-end callosity and occurrence of clinical mastitis. J Dairy Sci. 2001;84(12):2664\u201372.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(07)71589-8","volume":"90","author":"R Rupp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rupp R, Hernandez A, Mallard BA. Association of bovine leukocyte antigen (BoLA) DRB3.2 with immune response, mastitis, and production and type traits in Canadian Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 2007;90(2):1029\u201338.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"9","key":"1488_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3626","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(06)72402-X","volume":"89","author":"BS Sharma","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sharma BS, Leyva I, Schenkel F, Karrow NA. Association of toll-like receptor 4 polymorphisms with somatic cell score and lactation persistency in Holstein bulls. J Dairy Sci. 2006;89(9):3626\u201335.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"1488_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2015.10.019","volume":"122","author":"V Gonzalez Pereyra","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gonzalez Pereyra V, Pol M, Pastorino F, Herrero A. Quantification of antimicrobial usage in dairy cows and preweaned calves in Argentina. Prev Vet Med. 2015;122(3):273\u20139.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"key":"1488_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muloi DM, Ibayi EL, Nyotera S, Kirimi H, Abdi AM, Mutinda SM, et al. Treatment strategies and antibiotic usage practices in mastitis management in Kenyan smallholder dairy farms. BMC Vet Res. 2025;21:212.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-025-04662-7"},{"key":"1488_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2020.104937","volume":"176","author":"T Tomazi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tomazi T, Dos Santos MV. Antimicrobial use for treatment of clinical mastitis in dairy herds from Brazil and its association with herd-level descriptors. Prev Vet Med. 2020;176:104937.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"1488_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03323-12","volume":"79","author":"DS Bouchard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bouchard DS, Rault L, Berkova N, Le Loir Y, Even S. Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus invasion into bovine mammary epithelial cells by contact with live Lactobacillus casei. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2013;79(3):877\u201385.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1488_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2355-3","volume":"85","author":"AP Desbois","year":"2010","unstructured":"Desbois AP, Smith VJ. Antibacterial free fatty acids: activities, mechanisms of action and biotechnological potential. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2010;85(6):1629\u201342.","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijvsm.2016.11.001","volume":"4","author":"MN Hoque","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hoque MN, Das ZC, Rahman A, Hoque MM. Effect of administration of vitamin E, selenium and antimicrobial therapy on incidence of mastitis, productive and reproductive performances in dairy cows. Int J Vet Sci Med. 2016;4(2):63\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Vet Sci Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"1488_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-021-02924-7","volume":"200","author":"Y Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang Y, Lv S, Wang Z, Liu J. Selenium ameliorates S. aureus-induced inflammation in bovine mammary epithelial cells by regulating ROS-induced NLRP3 inflammasome. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2022;200(7):3171\u20135.","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"key":"1488_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vas.2023.100306","volume":"21","author":"AL Morales-Ubaldo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Morales-Ubaldo AL, Rivero-Perez N, Valladares-Carranza B, Velazquez-Ordonez V, Delgadillo-Ruiz L, Zaragoza-Bastida A. Bovine mastitis, a worldwide impact disease: prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and viable alternative approaches. Vet Anim Sci. 2023;21:100306.","journal-title":"Vet Anim Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"1488_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.13675","volume":"74","author":"S Rani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rani S, Verma S, Singh H, Ram C. Antibacterial activity and mechanism of essential oils in combination with medium-chain fatty acids against predominant bovine mastitis pathogens. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2022;74(6):959\u201369.","journal-title":"Lett Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1488_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3406","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.69.6.3406-3411.2003","volume":"69","author":"AH Smith","year":"2003","unstructured":"Smith AH, Imlay JA, Mackie RI. Increasing the oxidative stress response allows Escherichia coli to overcome inhibitory effects of condensed tannins. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69(6):3406\u201311.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1488_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00105-21","volume":"9","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Nan X, Zhao Y, Jiang L, Wang H, Zhang F, et al. Dietary supplementation of inulin ameliorates subclinical mastitis via regulation of rumen microbial community and metabolites in dairy cows. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(2):e0010521.","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"7109","key":"1488_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","volume":"315","author":"M Egger","year":"1997","unstructured":"Egger M, Davey Smith G, Schneider M, Minder C. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ. 1997;315(7109):629\u201334.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"1488_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1136\/eb-2014-101900","volume":"17","author":"D Mavridis","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mavridis D, Chaimani A, Efthimiou O, Leucht S, Salanti G. Addressing missing outcome data in meta-analysis. Evid Based Ment Health. 2014;17(3):85\u20139.","journal-title":"Evid Based Ment Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"1488_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0757","volume":"91","author":"RG Olde Riekerink","year":"2008","unstructured":"Olde Riekerink RG, Barkema HW, Kelton DF, Scholl DT. Incidence rate of clinical mastitis on Canadian dairy farms. J Dairy Sci. 2008;91(4):1366\u201377.","journal-title":"J Dairy Sci"}],"container-title":["Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T23:02:26Z","timestamp":1788994946000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1488"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40104-026-01488-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-1891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-1891","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 April 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 July 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"178"}}