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Although\n                      <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) has been shown to mitigate oxidative stress, the underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. This study therefore investigated the protective effects and mechanisms of\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      against diquat-induced intestinal oxidative injury in aged hens.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 270 70-week-old Jinbai hens were divided into control (CON), diquat (DQ), and\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      + diquat (LRD) groups with 6 replicates each. Birds in CON and DQ groups received a basal diet, while those in LRD group received basal diet supplemented with\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      . After a 10-week pretreatment, DQ and LRD hens were intraperitoneally injected with diquat, while CON hens were injected intraperitoneally with an equivalent amount of saline solution.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Diquat challenge significantly compromised intestinal barrier integrity, as evidenced the downregulated mRNA and protein expression of MUC2, ZO-1 and Occludin (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Notably, these adverse impacts were markedly reversed by\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      pretreatment. Moreover,\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      reshaped the gut microbiota by increasing the abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Metabolomic analysis revealed significant enrichment of tryptophan metabolism, with a notable upregulation of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). At the mitochondrial level,\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      reduced mitochondrial ROS production, restored ATP content (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05), and downregulated mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes expression of\n                      <jats:italic>PGC-1\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>NRF1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and balanced mitochondrial dynamics genes expression of\n                      <jats:italic>MFN1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>DRP1<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Furthermore,\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      elevated GSH-Px and T-AOC activities via activation of the Nrf2 pathway, and reduced IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 levels by suppression of NF-\u03baB signaling (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In vitro organoid culture further demonstrated IAA significantly reduced mitochondrial ROS production and restored ATP levels (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05) and stimulated stem cell proliferation. These changes inhibited apoptosis and promoted intestinal proliferation, thereby alleviating intestinal oxidative injury.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic>L. reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleviates intestinal oxidative damage via modulation of the gut microbiota\u2013IAA axis, which coordinates mitochondrial homeostasis and stem cell renewal, thereby mitigating oxidative stress and enhancing barrier function. These findings highlight its potential as a probiotic therapeutic agent for mitigating oxidative stress and preserving gut health in aging poultry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-026-01499-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T06:11:41Z","timestamp":1789366301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Limosilactobacillus reuteri orchestrates IAA-mediated mitochondrial homeostasis and stem cell renewal against intestinal oxidative injury in aged hens"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Shenao","family":"Zhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujie","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weichen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoyue","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianchi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongyou","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0809-3358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"1499_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070235","volume":"8","author":"PF Surai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Surai PF, Kochish II, Fisinin VI, Kidd MT. 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