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These structures play a crucial role in pathogen elimination, particularly in infectious diseases. However, their involvement in various pathological conditions is multifaceted and context-dependent, while NETs contribute to host defense against infections, they can also exacerbate sterile inflammation, autoimmune disorders, and tumor progression. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the molecular mechanisms governing NET formation and examines their interactions with immune cells, emphasizing how these interactions shape immune responses and drive disease dynamics. Furthermore, it explores ongoing clinical trials and emerging therapeutic strategies targeting NETs, offering critical insights into their potential translational applications in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00670-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T09:25:48Z","timestamp":1748510748000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Exploring neutrophil extracellular traps: mechanisms of immune regulation and future therapeutic potential"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixue","family":"Gou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simei","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"670_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-04-421040","volume":"120","author":"G Christoffersson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Christoffersson G, Phillipson M, et al. 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