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YJH has received grants from the NHLBI, NIAID, and the Michigan Institute of Health and Clinical Research; has received travel and lodging compensation from the NIH and National Academy of Science; and has received payment for lectures from the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology; the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; the European Respiratory Society; the Microbiome R&D Business Forum; and the European Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Clinical Immunology. SN has no conflict of interest. LSC has no conflict of interest. KMA has no conflict of interest. AB reports grants from NHLBI. MC reports grants from NIH, ALA; personal fees from Astra-Zeneca, Aviragen, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Boston Scientific, Elsevier, 4DPharma, Genentech, Mallinckrodt, Neutronic, Nuvaira, Teva, Theravance and VIDA; and grants from Boehringer-Ingelheim, Chiesi, Gilead, Novartis, Sanofi-Aventis, Vectura (all unrelated to the current work). AMD reports grants from NHLBI. EI reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, Novartis, Philips, Respironics, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Research in Real Life (RiRL), TEVA Specialty Pharmaceuticals, Bird Rock Bio, Nuvelution, Pharmaceuticals, Vitaeris, Inc., Sanofi, Merck, Entrinsic Health Solutions and GlaxoSmithKline; non-financial support from Boehringer Ingelheim, GlaxoSmithKline, Merck, Sunovion and TEVA Specialty Pharmaceuticals; and grants from Sanofi, Genentech and Boehringer Ingelheim. MK reports grants from NIH; personal fees from Teva Pharmaceuticals, Astra Zenec, FDA LABA Trials Joint DSMB and Elsevier; and grants from Chiesi and Sanofi. RJM reports grants from NIH; personal fees from AstraZeneca, PMD Healthcare and Respiratory Effectiveness Group; and grants from MedImmune and CHiesi FarmaceuticiSpA. DTM reports grants from NIH and non-financial support from GlaxoSmithKIlne, Merck and Boehringer Ingelheim. SRR reports grants from NIH. TSK reports grants from NIH and personal fees from Pearl Therapeutics, KaloBios, and Insmed Inc. SRW reports grants from NIH. LCD reports grants from NIH and personal fees from Sanofi and GSK. FH has no conflict of interest. SCL reports grants from NIH. NL reports personal fees from TEVA, Astrazeneca and GSK and grants from GSK, SANOFI and AstraZeneca. SPP reports grants from NIH. LJS reports grants from NIH and personal fees from Merck. MEW reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, BSCI, Novartis, Sanofi, Vectura, Regeneron, Meda, Mylan, Gilacure, Tunitas, Genentech, Theravance, Neurotronic, Sentien, Teva, Boehringer INgelheim, GlaxoSmithKline and grants from Sanofi and GlaxoSmithKlin. SVL reports grants from NIH\/NIAID, NIH\/NICHD, NIH\/Office of the Director, NIH\/NIDA, Broad Foundation, NIH\/NIAID, Sloan Foundation, Pfizer Inc., Gilead Sciences and Janssen; personal fees from Janssen, Boston Consulting Group, Regeneron, MedImmune, Siolta Therapeutics; has a patent Reductive prodrug cancer chemothera (Stan449-PRV) issued, a patent Combination antibiotic and antibody therapy for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (WO 2010091189 A1) with royalties paid to KaloBios Inc., a patent Therapeutic microbial consortium for induction of immune tolerance with royalties paid to Siolta Therapeutics, a patent Systems and methods for detecting antibiotic resistance (WO 2012027302 A3) issued, a patent Nitroreductase enzymes (US 7687474 B2) issued, a patent Sinusitis diagnostics and treatments (WO 2013155370 A1) issued, and a patent Methods and systems for phylogenetic analysis (US 20120264637 A1) issued; has Co-founded Siolta Therapeutics and is currently a board member and paid consultant for the company; and owns 25% stock. HAB has received grants including travel and lodging compensation from the NIH\/NHBI and the NIH\/NIAID and has received royalty payments from the McGraw-Hill Companies; he is a consultant for Siolta Therapeutics, Inc. of San Francisco, CA.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Publisher\u2019s Note"}}],"article-number":"104"}}