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Infection with helminths evokes changes in the composition of their host\u2019s microbiota: one outcome of which is an altered metabolome (e.g., levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)) in the gut lumen. The functional implications of helminth-evoked changes in the enteric microbiome (composition and metabolites) are poorly understood and are explored with respect to controlling enteric inflammation.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Antibiotic-treated wild-type, germ-free (GF) and free fatty-acid receptor-2 (<jats:italic>ffar2<\/jats:italic>) deficient mice were infected with the tapeworm <jats:italic>Hymenolepis diminuta<\/jats:italic>, then challenged with DNBS-colitis and disease severity and gut expression of the il-10 receptor-\u03b1 and SCFA receptors\/transporters assessed 3\u2009days later. Gut bacteria composition was assessed by 16\u2009s rRNA sequencing and SCFAs were measured. Other studies assessed the ability of feces or a bacteria-free fecal filtrate from <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-infected mice to inhibit colitis.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Protection against disease by infection with <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic> was abrogated by antibiotic treatment and was not observed in GF-mice. Bacterial community profiling revealed an increase in variants belonging to the families <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Clostridium<\/jats:italic> cluster <jats:italic>XIVa<\/jats:italic> in mice 8\u2009days post-infection with <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>, and the transfer of feces from these mice suppressed DNBS-colitis in GF-mice. Mice treated with a bacteria-free filtrate of feces from <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-infected mice were protected from DNBS-colitis. Metabolomic analysis revealed increased acetate and butyrate (both or which can reduce colitis) in feces from <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-infected mice, but not from antibiotic-treated <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-infected mice. <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-induced protection against DNBS-colitis was not observed in <jats:italic>ffar2<\/jats:italic><jats:sup><jats:italic>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sup> mice. Immunologically, anti-il-10 antibodies inhibited the anti-colitic effect of <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>-infection. Analyses of epithelial cell lines, colonoids, and colon segments uncovered reciprocity between butyrate and il-10 in the induction of the il-10-receptor and butyrate transporters.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Having defined a feed-forward signaling loop between il-10 and butyrate following infection with <jats:italic>H. diminuta<\/jats:italic>, this study identifies the gut microbiome as a critical component of the anti-colitic effect of this helminth therapy. We suggest that any intention-to-treat with helminth therapy should be based on the characterization of the patient\u2019s immunological and microbiological response to the helminth.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01146-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T15:03:30Z","timestamp":1631545410000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Cooperation between host immunity and the gut bacteria is essential for helminth-evoked suppression of colitis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Adam","family":"Shute","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blanca E.","family":"Callejas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ShuHua","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy S.","family":"Jayme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Ohland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian A.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian T.","family":"Layden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 G.","family":"Buret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0557-8210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Derek M.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1146_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","volume":"390","author":"SC Ng","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ng SC, et al. 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