{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T23:51:37Z","timestamp":1794009097646,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is growing recognition that bidirectional signaling between the digestive tract and the brain contributes to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). We recently showed in a large randomized controlled trial that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) reduces IBS symptom severity. This study investigated whether baseline brain and gut microbiome parameters predict CBT response and whether response is associated with changes in the brain-gut-microbiome (BGM) axis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty-four Rome III-diagnosed IBS patients receiving CBT were drawn from the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Outcome Study (IBSOS;\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      NCT00738920) for multimodal brain imaging and psychological assessments at baseline and after study completion. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and post-treatment from 34 CBT recipients for 16S rRNA gene sequencing, untargeted metabolomics, and measurement of short-chain fatty acids. Clinical measures, brain functional connectivity and microstructure, and microbiome features associated with CBT response were identified by multivariate linear and negative binomial models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At baseline, CBT responders had increased fecal serotonin levels, and increased Clostridiales and decreased\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      compared to non-responders. A random forests classifier containing 11 microbial genera predicted CBT response with high accuracy (AUROC 0.96). Following treatment, CBT responders demonstrated reduced functional connectivity in regions of the sensorimotor, brainstem, salience, and default mode networks and changes in white matter in the basal ganglia and other structures. Brain changes correlated with microbiome shifts including\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                      expansion in responders.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pre-treatment intestinal microbiota and serotonin levels were associated with CBT response, suggesting that peripheral signals from the microbiota can modulate central processes affected by CBT that generate abdominal symptoms in IBS. CBT response is characterized by co-correlated shifts in brain networks and gut microbiome that may reflect top-down effects of the brain on the microbiome during CBT.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T13:37:29Z","timestamp":1638279449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Cognitive behavioral therapy for irritable bowel syndrome induces bidirectional alterations in the brain-gut-microbiome axis associated with gastrointestinal symptom improvement"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Jacobs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpana","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi R.","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Brawer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kan","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsten","family":"Tillisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venu","family":"Lagishetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Firth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory D.","family":"Gudleski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin M.","family":"Ellingson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Labus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce D.","family":"Naliboff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey M.","family":"Lackner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-3349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emeran A.","family":"Mayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1188_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2019.101634","volume":"40-41","author":"PM Hellstrom","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hellstrom PM, Benno P. The Rome IV: irritable bowel syndrome - a functional disorder. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2019;40-41:101634. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpg.2019.101634.","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1188_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014","volume":"150","author":"OS Palsson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palsson OS, Whitehead WE, van Tilburg MA, Chang L, Chey W, Crowell MD, et al. Rome IV diagnostic questionnaires and tables for investigators and clinicians. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(6):1481\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.02.014.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"1188_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American College of Gastroenterology Task Force on Irritable Bowel S, Brandt LJ, Chey WD, Foxx-Orenstein AE, Schiller LR, Schoenfeld PS, Spiegel BM, Talley NJ, Quigley EM: An evidence-based position statement on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2009, 104 Suppl 1:S1-35.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2008.122"},{"issue":"2","key":"1188_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x","volume":"11","author":"CY Francis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Francis CY, Morris J, Whorwell PJ. The irritable bowel severity scoring system: a simple method of monitoring irritable bowel syndrome and its progress. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1997;11(2):395\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.142318000.x.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"1188_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Spiegel B, Camilleri M, Bolus R, Andresen V, Chey WD, Fehnel S, Mangel A, Talley NJ, Whitehead WE: Psychometric evaluation of patient-reported outcomes in irritable bowel syndrome randomized controlled trials: a Rome Foundation report. Gastroenterology 2009, 137(6):1944-1953 e1941-1943.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.08.047"},{"issue":"10","key":"1188_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.121","volume":"12","author":"EA Mayer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mayer EA, Labus JS, Tillisch K, Cole SW, Baldi P. Towards a systems view of IBS. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(10):592\u2013605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.121.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"1188_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.51","volume":"14","author":"SN Spohn","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spohn SN, Mawe GM. Non-conventional features of peripheral serotonin signalling - the gut and beyond. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;14(7):412\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.51.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1188_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318308","volume":"68","author":"EA Mayer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mayer EA, Labus J, Aziz Q, Tracey I, Kilpatrick L, Elsenbruch S, et al. Role of brain imaging in disorders of brain-gut interaction: a Rome Working Team Report. Gut. 2019;68(9):1701\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318308.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"4","key":"1188_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.008","volume":"155","author":"M Simren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simren M. Manipulating the gut microbiome as a treatment strategy for functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(4):960\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.09.008.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0656-z","volume":"7","author":"JS Labus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Labus JS, Osadchiy V, Hsiao EY, Tap J, Derrien M, Gupta A, et al. Evidence for an association of gut microbial Clostridia with brain functional connectivity and gastrointestinal sensorimotor function in patients with irritable bowel syndrome, based on tripartite network analysis. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):45. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-019-0656-z.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0260-z","volume":"5","author":"JS Labus","year":"2017","unstructured":"Labus JS, Hollister EB, Jacobs J, Kirbach K, Oezguen N, Gupta A, et al. Differences in gut microbial composition correlate with regional brain volumes in irritable bowel syndrome. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-017-0260-z.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"1188_CR12","volume-title":"Naliboff BD","author":"L Van Oudenhove","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Oudenhove L, Crowell MD, Drossman DA, Halpert AD, Keefer L, Lackner JM, et al. Naliboff BD. Biopsychosocial aspects of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterology: Levy RL; 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0222-5","volume":"114","author":"AC Ford","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ford AC, Lacy BE, Harris LA, Quigley EMM, Moayyedi P. Effect of antidepressants and psychological therapies in irritable bowel syndrome: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(1):21\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41395-018-0222-5.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.063","volume":"155","author":"JM Lackner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Keefer L, Brenner DM, Firth RS, Gudleski GD, et al. Improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms after cognitive behavior therapy for refractory irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(1):47\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.03.063.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"1188_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003","volume":"6","author":"CR Martin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Martin CR, Osadchiy V, Kalani A, Mayer EA. The brain-gut-microbiome axis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;6(2):133\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2018.04.003.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1188_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2012.07.013","volume":"33","author":"JM Lackner","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lackner JM, Keefer L, Jaccard J, Firth R, Brenner D, Bratten J, et al. The Irritable Bowel Syndrome Outcome Study (IBSOS): rationale and design of a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with 12 month follow up of self- versus clinician-administered CBT for moderate to severe irritable bowel syndrome. Contemp Clin Trials. 2012;33(6):1293\u2013310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cct.2012.07.013.","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"5","key":"1188_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.03.008","volume":"130","author":"DA Drossman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Drossman DA. The functional gastrointestinal disorders and the Rome III process. Gastroenterology. 2006;130(5):1377\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.03.008.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"8","key":"1188_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.10.033","volume":"17","author":"JM Lackner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Group IBSOSR. Factors associated with efficacy of cognitive behavior therapy vs education for patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;17(8):1500\u20138 e1503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.10.033.","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1188_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0396-x","volume":"114","author":"JM Lackner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lackner JM, Jaccard J, Radziwon CD, Firth RS, Gudleski GD, Hamilton F, et al. Durability and decay of treatment benefit of cognitive behavioral therapy for irritable bowel syndrome: 12-month follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019;114(2):330\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41395-018-0396-x.","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"9","key":"1188_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.092759.109","volume":"19","author":"M Krzywinski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Krzywinski M, Schein J, Birol I, Connors J, Gascoyne R, Horsman D, et al. Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res. 2009;19(9):1639\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/gr.092759.109.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"9","key":"1188_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.010","volume":"154","author":"BM Ellingson","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ellingson BM, Mayer E, Harris RJ, Ashe-McNally C, Naliboff BD, Labus JS, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging detects microstructural reorganization in the brain associated with chronic irritable bowel syndrome. Pain. 2013;154(9):1528\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.010.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"10","key":"1188_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140250","volume":"10","author":"D Woodworth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Woodworth D, Mayer E, Leu K, Ashe-McNalley C, Naliboff BD, Labus JS, et al. Unique Microstructural Changes in the Brain Associated with Urological Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (UCPPS) revealed by diffusion tensor mri, super-resolution track density imaging, and statistical parameter mapping: a MAPP Network Neuroimaging Study. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0140250. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0140250.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"12","key":"1188_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206807","volume":"13","author":"DC Woodworth","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woodworth DC, Dagher A, Curatolo A, Sachdev M, Ashe-McNalley C, Naliboff BD, et al. Changes in brain white matter structure are associated with urine proteins in urologic chronic pelvic pain syndrome (UCPPS): A MAPP Network study. PLoS One. 2018;13(12):e0206807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0206807.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"1188_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong M, Jacobs JP, McHardy IH, Braun J: Sampling of intestinal microbiota and targeted amplification of bacterial 16S rRNA genes for microbial ecologic analysis. Curr Protoc Immunol 2014, 107:7 41 41-47 41 11.","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142735.im0741s107"},{"issue":"6","key":"1188_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.06.004","volume":"2","author":"JP Jacobs","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jacobs JP, Goudarzi M, Singh N, Tong M, McHardy IH, Ruegger P, et al. A disease-associated microbial and metabolomics state in relatives of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;2(6):750\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2016.06.004.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1188_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","volume":"7","author":"JG Caporaso","year":"2010","unstructured":"Caporaso JG, Kuczynski J, Stombaugh J, Bittinger K, Bushman FD, Costello EK, et al. QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data. Nat Methods. 2010;7(5):335\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.f.303.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"1188_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","volume":"71","author":"C Lozupone","year":"2005","unstructured":"Lozupone C, Knight R. UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005;71(12):8228\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x","volume":"26","author":"MJ Anderson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Anderson MJ. A new method for non-parametric multivariate analysis of variance. Austral Ecology. 2001;26(1):32\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2001.01070.pp.x.","journal-title":"Austral Ecology"},{"issue":"12","key":"1188_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15(12):550. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"key":"1188_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smyth GK: Linear models and empirical bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol 2004, 3:Article3.","DOI":"10.2202\/1544-6115.1027"},{"issue":"1","key":"1188_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","volume":"45","author":"L Breiman","year":"2001","unstructured":"Breiman L. Machine Learning. 2001;45(1):5\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1010933404324.","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"issue":"10","key":"1188_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.024","volume":"154","author":"JS Labus","year":"2013","unstructured":"Labus JS, Gupta A, Coveleskie K, Tillisch K, Kilpatrick L, Jarcho J, et al. Sex differences in emotion-related cognitive processes in irritable bowel syndrome and healthy control subjects. Pain. 2013;154(10):2088\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pain.2013.06.024.","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"1188_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.028","volume":"63","author":"S Berman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Berman S, Suyenobu B, Naliboff BD, Bueller J, Stains J, Wong H, et al. Evidence for alterations in central noradrenergic signaling in irritable bowel syndrome. Neuroimage. 2012;63(4):1854\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.08.028.","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"1188_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","volume":"161","author":"JM Yano","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yano JM, Yu K, Donaldson GP, Shastri GG, Ann P, Ma L, et al. Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis. Cell. 2015;161(2):264\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047.","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"1188_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)94474-1","volume":"442","author":"S Karlsson","year":"1988","unstructured":"Karlsson S, Banhidi ZG, Albertsson AC. Detection by high-performance liquid chromatography of polyamines formed by clostridial putrefaction of caseins. J Chromatogr. 1988;442:267\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)94474-1.","journal-title":"J Chromatogr"},{"issue":"9","key":"1188_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2010.213447","volume":"60","author":"JS Labus","year":"2011","unstructured":"Labus JS, Mayer EA, Jarcho J, Kilpatrick LA, Kilkens TO, Evers EA, et al. Acute tryptophan depletion alters the effective connectivity of emotional arousal circuitry during visceral stimuli in healthy women. Gut. 2011;60(9):1196\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2010.213447.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"12","key":"1188_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0540-4","volume":"4","author":"TC Fung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fung TC, Vuong HE, Luna CDG, Pronovost GN, Aleksandrova AA, Riley NG, et al. Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut. Nat Microbiol. 2019;4(12):2064\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41564-019-0540-4.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"1188_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.07.008","volume":"5","author":"M Shpaner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shpaner M, Kelly C, Lieberman G, Perelman H, Davis M, Keefe FJ, et al. Unlearning chronic pain: a randomized controlled trial to investigate changes in intrinsic brain connectivity following cognitive behavioral therapy. Neuroimage Clin. 2014;5:365\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nicl.2014.07.008.","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"}],"container-title":["Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,16]],"date-time":"2022-05-16T13:49:41Z","timestamp":1652708981000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01188-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-2618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-2618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"15 June 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 November 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 November 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Institutional Review Boards at each of two sites approved the protocols governing participants: University at Buffalo (IRB 030-396754 and 030-745083) and Northwestern University (IRB STU00070073). All subjects provided informed consent to participate.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"EAM is a scientific advisory board member of Danone, Axial Biotherapeutics, Viome, Amare, Mahana Therapeutics, Pendulum, Bloom Biosciences, APC Microbiome Ireland. BME is an advisor for Hoffman La-Roche; Siemens; Nativis; Medicenna; MedQIA; Bristol Meyers Squibb; Imaging Endpoints; VBL; and Agios Pharmaceuticals. BME is a Paid Consultant for Nativis; MedQIA; Siemens; Hoffman La-Roche; Imaging Endpoints; Medicenna; and Agios. BME received grant funding from Siemens, Agios, and Janssen. JPJ, AG, RRB, JB, KG, KT, VL, RF, GG, JSL, BDN, and JML do not have any disclosures.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"236"}}