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However, the drivers of such changes remain largely unknown. The oral cavity acts as a major route of exposure to exogenous factors including pathogens, and processes therein may affect the communities in the subsequent compartments of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we perform strain-resolved, integrated meta-genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analyses of paired saliva and stool samples collected from 35 individuals from eight families with multiple cases of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We identified distinct oral microbiota mostly reflecting competition between streptococcal species. More specifically, we found a decreased abundance of the commensal\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the oral cavity of T1DM individuals, which is linked to its apparent competition with the pathobiont\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans.<\/jats:italic>\n                      The decrease in\n                      <jats:italic>S. salivarius<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the oral cavity was also associated with its decrease in the gut as well as higher abundances in facultative anaerobes including\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      . In addition, we found evidence of gut inflammation in T1DM as reflected in the expression profiles of the\n                      <jats:italic>Enterobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                      as well as in the human gut proteome. Finally, we were able to follow transmitted strain-variants from the oral cavity to the gut at the individual omic levels, highlighting not only the transfer, but also the activity of the transmitted taxa along the gastrointestinal tract.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Alterations of the oral microbiome in the context of T1DM impact the microbial communities in the lower gut, in particular through the reduction of \u201cmouth-to-gut\u201d transfer of\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus salivarius.<\/jats:italic>\n                      Our results indicate that the observed oral-cavity-driven gut microbiome changes may contribute towards the inflammatory processes involved in T1DM. Through the integration of multi-omic analyses, we resolve strain-variant \u201cmouth-to-gut\u201d transfer in a disease context.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-022-01435-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,28]],"date-time":"2022-12-28T01:02:34Z","timestamp":1672189354000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Alterations of oral microbiota and impact on the gut microbiome in type 1 diabetes mellitus revealed by integrated\u00a0multi-omic analyses"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"B. 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