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Moreover, we demonstrated for the first time that the ASP and CIP promoted weight gain, reduced the diarrhea rate (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and enhanced antioxidant capacity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) due to the increase in average daily gain (ADG), total protein (TP), and albumin (ALB). In addition, ASP and CIP increased the expression of Zunola occludens-1 (ZO-1), Occludin, and Claudin-1 in the ileum (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and improved immunity due to increase levels of interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), immunoglobulin A (IgA), and immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the serum, strengthened CD4\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T levels in the ileal mucosa and reducing CD8\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T and CD11c\n                      <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                      T (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Hence, The intestinal microbiota environment formed by early intervention of ASP powder has a protective effect on the intestinal mucosal function of calves infected with pathogenic\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01616-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,4]],"date-time":"2023-08-04T22:01:54Z","timestamp":1691186514000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Arula-7 powder improves diarrhea and intestinal epithelial tight junction function associated with its regulation of intestinal flora in calves infected with pathogenic Escherichia coli O1"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Hao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhifeng","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meiling","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aorigele","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"1616_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.02.032","volume":"117","author":"A Mirhoseini","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mirhoseini A, Amani J, Nazarian S. 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Signed owner consent was obtained before enrollment of calves in the IMAU study. We obtained written informed consent to use the animals in our study from the owner(s) of the animals.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"172"}}