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In this study, we sought to identify whether innate or adaptive immunity mediates the beneficial metabolic effects of the human intestinal bacterium\n                      <jats:italic>Bacteroides uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      CECT 7771 in obesity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We evaluated the effects of orally administered\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      on energy homeostasis, intestinal immunity, hormone levels, and gut microbiota in wild-type and\n                      <jats:italic>Rag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      -deficient mice with diet-induced obesity. We also assessed whether\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      needed to be viable to exert its beneficial effects in obesity and to directly induce immunoregulatory effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The administration of\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      to obese mice improved glucose tolerance and insulin secretion, restored the caloric intake suppression after an oral glucose challenge, and reduced hyperglycemia. The pre- and post-prandial glucose-related benefits were associated with restoration of the anti-inflammatory tone mediated by type 2 macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the lamina propria of the small intestine. Contrastingly,\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      administration failed to improve glucose tolerance in obese\n                      <jats:italic>Rag1<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>\n                        <jats:italic>-\/-<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:sup>\n                      mice, but prevented the increased body weight gain and adiposity. Overall, the beneficial effects seemed to be independent of enteroendocrine effects and of major changes in gut microbiota composition.\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      directly induced Tregs generation from na\u00efve CD4+ T cells in vitro and was not required to be viable to improve glucose homeostasis but its viability was necessary to prevent body weight gain in diet-induced obese wild-type mice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here we demonstrate that\n                      <jats:italic>B. uniformis<\/jats:italic>\n                      modulates the energy homeostasis in diet-induced obese mice\u00a0through different mechanisms. The bacterium improves oral glucose tolerance by adaptive immunity-dependent mechanisms that do not require cell viability and prevents body weight gain by adaptive immunity-independent mechanisms which require cell viability.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-01810-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:01:43Z","timestamp":1717632103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 requires adaptive immunity to improve glucose tolerance but not to prevent body weight gain in diet-induced obese mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Marina","family":"Roman\u00ed-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inmaculada","family":"L\u00f3pez-Almela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Bullich-Vilarrubias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Evtoski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Ben\u00edtez-P\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"1810_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246","volume":"112","author":"SP Weisberg","year":"2003","unstructured":"Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW. 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