{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T17:44:21Z","timestamp":1790876661755,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737590400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T02:23:55Z","timestamp":1737599035000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["No microorganism was detected in amniotic fluid of healthy pregnancies from the second trimester to the delivery"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingmei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haijuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qubo","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lanying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulong","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingzhen","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huixia","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2019.07.010","volume":"28","author":"S Wang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wang S, Ryan CA, Boyaval P, Dempsey EM, Ross RP, Stanton C. Maternal vertical transmission affecting early-life microbiota development. Trends Microbiol. 2020;28(1):28\u201345.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1124","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01124","volume":"10","author":"LF Stinson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stinson LF, Boyce MC, Payne MS, Keelan JA. The not-so-sterile womb: evidence that the human fetus is exposed to bacteria prior to birth. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:1124.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02163","volume":"9","author":"L Zhu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zhu L, Luo F, Hu W, et al. Bacterial communities in the womb during healthy pregnancy. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:2163.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-315988","volume":"67","author":"J Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang J, Zheng J, Shi W, et al. Dysbiosis of maternal and neonatal microbiota associated with gestational diabetes mellitus. Gut. 2018;67(9):1614\u201325.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2024_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Antony KM, Ma J, Mitchell KB, Racusin DA, Versalovic J, Aagaard K. The preterm placental microbiome varies in association with excess maternal gestational weight gain. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;212(5):653 e651\u2013616.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.12.041"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.10.007","volume":"35","author":"RM Doyle","year":"2014","unstructured":"Doyle RM, Alber DG, Jones HE, et al. Term and preterm labour are associated with distinct microbial community structures in placental membranes which are independent of mode of delivery. Placenta. 2014;35(12):1099\u2013101.","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"2024_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prince AL, Ma J, Kannan PS, et al. The placental membrane microbiome is altered among subjects with spontaneous preterm birth with and without chorioamnionitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;214(5):627 e621\u2013627 e616.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.01.193"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2007.12.007","volume":"159","author":"E Jimenez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jimenez E, Marin ML, Martin R, et al. Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile? Res Microbiol. 2008;159(3):187\u201393.","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2018.11.003","volume":"27","author":"R Eisenhofer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisenhofer R, Minich JJ, Marotz C, Cooper A, Knight R, Weyrich LS. Contamination in low microbial biomass microbiome studies: issues and recommendations. Trends Microbiol. 2019;27(2):105\u201317.","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"2024_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Liu Y, Li X, Zhu B, et al. Midtrimester amniotic fluid from healthy pregnancies has no microorganisms using multiple methods of microbiologic inquiry. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;223(2):248 e241\u2013248 e221.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.056.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.01.056"},{"key":"2024_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rehbinder EM, Lodrup Carlsen KC, Staff AC, et al. Is amniotic fluid of women with uncomplicated term pregnancies free of bacteria? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;219(3):289 e281\u2013289 e212.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.05.028"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0475-7","volume":"6","author":"ES Lim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lim ES, Rodriguez C, Holtz LR. Amniotic fluid from healthy term pregnancies does not harbor a detectable microbial community. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):87.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2024_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Theis KR, Romero R, Winters AD, et al. Does the human placenta delivered at term have a microbiota? Results of cultivation, quantitative real-time PCR, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and metagenomics. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220(3):267 e261\u2013267 e239.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.018"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0172-3","volume":"4","author":"AP Lauder","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lauder AP, Roche AM, Sherrill-Mix S, et al. Comparison of placenta samples with contamination controls does not provide evidence for a distinct placenta microbiota. Microbiome. 2016;4(1):29.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-017-0268-4","volume":"5","author":"ME Perez-Munoz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Perez-Munoz ME, Arrieta MC, Ramer-Tait AE, Walter J. A critical assessment of the \u201csterile womb\u201d and \u201cin utero colonization\u201d hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):48.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0294-9","volume":"20","author":"N Li","year":"2019","unstructured":"Li N, van Unen V, Abdelaal T, et al. Memory CD4(+) T cells are generated in the human fetal intestine. Nat Immunol. 2019;20(3):301\u201312.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0761-3","volume":"26","author":"E Rackaityte","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rackaityte E, Halkias J, Fukui EM, et al. Viable bacterial colonization is highly limited in the human intestine in utero. Nat Med. 2020;26(4):599\u2013607.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"2024_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Younge N, McCann JR, Ballard J, et al. Fetal exposure to the maternal microbiota in humans and mice. JCI Insight. 2019;4(19):e127806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.127806.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.127806"},{"key":"2024_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Integrative HMPRNC. The integrative human microbiome project. Nature. 2019;569(7758):641\u2013648.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1238-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30451-0","volume":"7","author":"S Chawanpaiboon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chawanpaiboon S, Vogel JP, Moller AB, et al. Global, regional, and national estimates of levels of preterm birth in 2014: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2019;7(1):e37\u201346.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"2024_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.2001.00007.x","volume":"15","author":"R Romero","year":"2001","unstructured":"Romero R, Gomez R, Chaiworapongsa T, Conoscenti G, Kim JC, Kim YM. The role of infection in preterm labour and delivery. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(Suppl 2):41\u201356.","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6198","key":"2024_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1251816","volume":"345","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero R, Dey SK, Fisher SJ. Preterm labor: one syndrome, many causes. Science. 2014;345(6198):760\u20135.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0450-2","volume":"25","author":"JM Fettweis","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, Brooks JP, et al. The vaginal microbiome and preterm birth. Nat Med. 2019;25(6):1012\u201321.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2015.04.005","volume":"83","author":"I Brukner","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brukner I, Longtin Y, Oughton M, Forgetta V, Dascal A. Assay for estimating total bacterial load: relative qPCR normalisation of bacterial load with associated clinical implications. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;83(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","volume":"55","author":"SA Bustin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bustin SA, Benes V, Garson JA, et al. The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments. Clin Chem. 2009;55(4):611\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2001)082[0290:FMMTCD]2.0.CO;2","volume":"82","author":"BH McArdle","year":"2001","unstructured":"McArdle BH, Anderson MJ. Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology. 2001;82(1):290\u20137.","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0297","volume":"47","author":"R Romero","year":"2019","unstructured":"Romero R, Gomez-Lopez N, Winters AD, et al. Evidence that intra-amniotic infections are often the result of an ascending invasion - a molecular microbiological study. J Perinat Med. 2019;47(9):915\u201331.","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"2024_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aagaard K, Ma J, Antony KM, Ganu R, Petrosino J, Versalovic J. The placenta harbors a unique microbiome. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(237):237ra265.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008599"},{"key":"2024_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Goffau MC, Lager S, Sovio U, et al. Human placenta has no microbiome but can contain potential pathogens. Nature. 2019;572(7769):329\u201334.\u00a0\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-019-1451-5.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1451-5"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0575-4","volume":"6","author":"JS Leiby","year":"2018","unstructured":"Leiby JS, McCormick K, Sherrill-Mix S, et al. Lack of detection of a human placenta microbiome in samples from preterm and term deliveries. Microbiome. 2018;6(1):196.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-10869-7","volume":"12","author":"H Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang H, Yang GX, Hu Y, et al. Comprehensive human amniotic fluid metagenomics supports the sterile womb hypothesis. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):6875.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rowlands S, Danielewski JA, Tabrizi SN, Walker SP, Garland SM. Microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity in midtrimester pregnancies using molecular microbiology. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;217(1):71 e71\u201371 e75.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.02.051"},{"key":"2024_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23129","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23129","volume":"6","author":"MC Collado","year":"2016","unstructured":"Collado MC, Rautava S, Aakko J, Isolauri E, Salminen S. Human gut colonisation may be initiated in utero by distinct microbial communities in the placenta and amniotic fluid. Sci Rep. 2016;6:23129.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2024_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li F, Chen C, Wei W, et al. The metagenome of the female upper reproductive tract. Gigascience. 2018;7(10). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/gigascience\/giy107.","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giy107"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","volume":"8","author":"C Chen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chen C, Song X, Wei W, et al. The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1):875.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2024_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kliman HJ. Comment on \"the placenta harbors a unique microbiome\". Sci Transl Med. 2014;6(254):254le254.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009864"},{"key":"2024_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Lancet Infectious D. Microbiome studies and \"blue whales in the Himalayas\". Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(9):925.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30503-6"},{"key":"2024_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-014-0087-z","volume":"12","author":"SJ Salter","year":"2014","unstructured":"Salter SJ, Cox MJ, Turek EM, et al. Reagent and laboratory contamination can critically impact sequence-based microbiome analyses. BMC Biol. 2014;12:87.","journal-title":"BMC Biol"},{"issue":"7688","key":"2024_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-00664-8","volume":"553","author":"C Willyard","year":"2018","unstructured":"Willyard C. Could baby\u2019s first bacteria take root before birth? Nature. 2018;553(7688):264\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-018-0202-y","volume":"3","author":"MC de Goffau","year":"2018","unstructured":"de Goffau MC, Lager S, Salter SJ, et al. Recognizing the reagent microbiome. Nat Microbiol. 2018;3(8):851\u20133.","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7012(02)00018-0","volume":"50","author":"AL McOrist","year":"2002","unstructured":"McOrist AL, Jackson M, Bird AR. A comparison of five methods for extraction of bacterial DNA from human faecal samples. J Microbiol Methods. 2002;50(2):131\u20139.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"2024_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3960","volume":"35","author":"PI Costea","year":"2017","unstructured":"Costea PI, Zeller G, Sunagawa S, et al. Towards standards for human fecal sample processing in metagenomic studies. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(11):1069\u201376.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"6285","key":"2024_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad9378","volume":"352","author":"T Gensollen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gensollen T, Iyer SS, Kasper DL, Blumberg RS. How colonization by microbiota in early life shapes the immune system. Science. 2016;352(6285):539\u201344.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.844123","volume":"27","author":"R Romero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Romero R, Kadar N, Miranda J, et al. The diagnostic performance of the Mass Restricted (MR) score in the identification of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity or intra-amniotic inflammation is not superior to amniotic fluid interleukin-6. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine\u202f: the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet. 2014;27(8):757\u201369.","journal-title":"The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet"},{"issue":"13","key":"2024_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.961417","volume":"28","author":"P Chaemsaithong","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaemsaithong P, Romero R, Korzeniewski SJ, et al. A point of care test for the determination of amniotic fluid interleukin-6 and the chemokine CXCL-10\/IP-10. The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine\u202f: the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet. 2015;28(13):1510\u20139.","journal-title":"The journal of maternal-fetal & neonatal medicine : the official journal of the European Association of Perinatal Medicine, the Federation of Asia and Oceania Perinatal Societies, the International Society of Perinatal Obstet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2022.100604","volume":"22","author":"V Castro-Leyva","year":"2022","unstructured":"Castro-Leyva V, Arenas-Huertero F, Espejel-Nunez A, et al. miR-21 differentially regulates IL-1beta and IL-10 expression in human decidual cells infected with streptococcus B. Reprod Biol. 2022;22(1): 100604.","journal-title":"Reprod Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-019-0720-8","volume":"7","author":"Q Mu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mu Q, Cabana-Puig X, Mao J, et al. Pregnancy and lactation interfere with the response of autoimmunity to modulation of gut microbiota. Microbiome. 2019;7(1):105.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2024_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Payne MS, Feng Z, Li S, et al. Second trimester amniotic fluid cytokine concentrations, Ureaplasma sp. colonisation status and sexual activity as predictors of preterm birth in Chinese and Australian women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2014;14:340.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-340"},{"issue":"6","key":"2024_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00810.x","volume":"63","author":"JE Thaxton","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thaxton JE, Sharma S. Interleukin-10: a multi-faceted agent of pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2010;63(6):482\u201391.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"}],"container-title":["Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]],"date-time":"2025-01-23T14:13:22Z","timestamp":1737641602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2024"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-024-02024-3","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3130298\/v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2049-2618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-2618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 July 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 December 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 January 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics committee of Peking University First Hospital (2015[886]), and all the participants provided written informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}