{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T17:12:34Z","timestamp":1793812354905,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769040000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004085","name":"Ministry of Education, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00414820"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00414820"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004085","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003693","name":"Korea Institute of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2Z07251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2Z07251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014188","name":"Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00345575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00345575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014188","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002541","name":"Pohang University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002541","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T07:35:40Z","timestamp":1768980940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Commensal microbe-derived butyrate enhances T follicular helper cell function to boost mucosal vaccine efficacy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Haeun","family":"Ko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan Johng","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungyeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaegyun","family":"Noh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung Won","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seohyun","family":"Byun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haena","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John Chulhoon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hye Eun","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minhyuk","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junghwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choong-Gu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwang Hyun","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sin-Hyeog","family":"Im","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"2284_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2515","volume":"9","author":"JL Round","year":"2009","unstructured":"Round JL, Mazmanian SK. The gut microbiota shapes intestinal immune responses during health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(5):313\u201323.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"2284_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009","author":"I Sekirov","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sekirov I, Russell SL, Antunes LCM, Finlay BB. Gut microbiota in health and disease. Physiol Rev. 2010. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00045.2009.","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00974-4","volume":"7","author":"K Hou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hou K, Wu Z-X, Chen X-Y, Wang J-Q, Zhang D, Xiao C, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):135.","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2284_CR4","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"N Shi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shi N, Li N, Duan X, Niu H. Interaction between the gut microbiome and mucosal immune system. Mil Med Res. 2017;4:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Mil Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0332-7","volume":"30","author":"D Zheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zheng D, Liwinski T, Elinav E. Interaction between microbiota and immunity in health and disease. Cell Res. 2020;30(6):492\u2013506.","journal-title":"Cell Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.08.007","volume":"43","author":"JJ Bunker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bunker JJ, Flynn TM, Koval JC, Shaw DG, Meisel M, McDonald BD, et al. Innate and adaptive humoral responses coat distinct commensal bacteria with immunoglobulin A. Immunity. 2015;43(3):541\u201353.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2284_CR7","volume-title":"Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease","author":"C Janeway","year":"2001","unstructured":"Janeway C, Travers P, Walport M, Shlomchik M. Immunobiology: the immune system in health and disease. New York: Garland Pub; 2001."},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2012.51","volume":"5","author":"SE Blutt","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blutt SE, Miller AD, Salmon SL, Metzger DW, Conner ME. IgA is important for clearance and critical for protection from rotavirus infection. Mucosal Immunol. 2012;5(6):712\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/mi.2012.51.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"20","key":"2284_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.032","volume":"23","author":"A Rodriguez","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rodriguez A, Tjarnlund A, Ivanji J, Singh M, Garcia I, Williams A, et al. Role of IgA in the defense against respiratory infections IgA deficient mice exhibited increased susceptibility to intranasal infection with Mycobacterium bovis BCG. Vaccine. 2005;23(20):2565\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.032.","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"4","key":"2284_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2025.03.004","volume":"33","author":"W Lisicka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Lisicka W, Earley ZM, Sifakis JJ, Erickson SA, Mattingly JR, Wu-Woods NJ, et al. Immunoglobulin A controls intestinal virus colonization to preserve immune homeostasis. Cell Host & Microbe. 2025;33(4):498-511e10.","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe."},{"issue":"73","key":"2284_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabg3208","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg3208","volume":"7","author":"C Yang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yang C, Chen-Liaw A, Spindler MP, Tortorella D, Moran TM, Cerutti A, et al. Immunoglobulin A antibody composition is sculpted to bind the self gut microbiome. Sci Immunol. 2022;7(73):eabg3208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/sciimmunol.abg3208.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.134.1.188","volume":"134","author":"SW Craig","year":"1971","unstructured":"Craig SW, Cebra JJ. Peyer\u2019s patches: an enriched source of precursors for IgA-producing immunocytes in the rabbit. J Exp Med. 1971;134(1):188\u2013200. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084\/jem.134.1.188.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"2284_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400","volume":"29","author":"S Crotty","year":"2011","unstructured":"Crotty S. Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH). Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:621\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-immunol-031210-101400.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.008","volume":"30","author":"M Dullaers","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dullaers M, Li D, Xue Y, Ni L, Gayet I, Morita R, et al. A T cell-dependent mechanism for the induction of human mucosal homing immunoglobulin A-secreting plasmablasts. Immunity. 2009;30(1):120\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.11.008.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"4","key":"2284_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1159\/000230130","volume":"34","author":"PA Crabbe","year":"1968","unstructured":"Crabbe PA, Bazin H, Eyssen H, Heremans JF. The normal microbial flora as a major stimulus for proliferation of plasma cells synthesizing IgA in the gut. The germ-free intestinal tract. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1968;34(4):362\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000230130.","journal-title":"Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol."},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.107.6.1656","volume":"107","author":"J Benveniste","year":"1971","unstructured":"Benveniste J, Lespinats G, Salomon J-C. Serum and secretory IgA in axenic and holoxenic mice1. J Immunol. 1971;107(6):1656\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4049\/jimmunol.107.6.1656.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"7868","key":"2284_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03727-5","volume":"595","author":"T Takeuchi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Takeuchi T, Miyauchi E, Kanaya T, Kato T, Nakanishi Y, Watanabe T, et al. Acetate differentially regulates IgA reactivity to commensal bacteria. Nature. 2021;595(7868):560\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41586-021-03727-5.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.12.009","volume":"17","author":"JL Kubinak","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kubinak JL, Petersen C, Stephens WZ, Soto R, Bake E, O\u2019Connell RM, et al. MyD88 signaling in T cells directs IgA-mediated control of the microbiota to promote health. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(2):153\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2014.12.009.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts635","volume":"29","author":"A Dobin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dobin A, Davis CA, Schlesinger F, Drenkow J, Zaleski C, Jha S, et al. STAR: ultrafast universal RNA-seq aligner. Bioinformatics. 2013;29(1):15\u201321.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"2284_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-323","volume":"12","author":"B Li","year":"2011","unstructured":"Li B, Dewey CN. RSEM: accurate transcript quantification from RNA-seq data with or without a reference genome. BMC Bioinformatics. 2011;12:1\u201316.","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"D1","key":"2284_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D766","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky955","volume":"47","author":"A Frankish","year":"2019","unstructured":"Frankish A, Diekhans M, Ferreira A-M, Johnson R, Jungreis I, Loveland J, et al. GENCODE reference annotation for the human and mouse genomes. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(D1):D766\u201373.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2284_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-018-2246-7","volume":"19","author":"M Smid","year":"2018","unstructured":"Smid M, van den Coebergh Braak RR, van de Werken HJ, van Riet J, van Galen A, de Weerd V, et al. Gene length corrected trimmed mean of M-values (GeTMM) processing of RNA-seq data performs similarly in intersample analyses while improving intrasample comparisons. BMC bioinformatics. 2018;19:1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC bioinformatics."},{"key":"2284_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-014-0550-8","volume":"15","author":"MI Love","year":"2014","unstructured":"Love MI, Huber W, Anders S. Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2. Genome Biol. 2014;15:1\u201321.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"W1","key":"2284_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W216","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac194","volume":"50","author":"BT Sherman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sherman BT, Hao M, Qiu J, Jiao X, Baseler MW, Lane HC, et al. DAVID: a web server for functional enrichment analysis and functional annotation of gene lists (2021 update). Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50(W1):W216\u201321.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2284_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2498","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.1239303","volume":"13","author":"P Shannon","year":"2003","unstructured":"Shannon P, Markiel A, Ozier O, Baliga NS, Wang JT, Ramage D, et al. Cytoscape: a software environment for integrated models of biomolecular interaction networks. Genome Res. 2003;13(11):2498\u2013504.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"btac757","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btac757","volume":"39","author":"Z Fang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fang Z, Liu X, Peltz G. GSEApy: a comprehensive package for performing gene set enrichment analysis in Python. Bioinformatics. 2023;39(1):btac757.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1995.tb03474.x","volume":"99","author":"A Ferguson","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ferguson A, Humphreys K, Croft N. Technical report: results of immunological tests on faecal extracts are likely to be extremely misleading. Clin Exp Immunol. 1995;99(1):70\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2284_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1128\/CDLI.11.5.841-848.2004","volume":"11","author":"I Peters","year":"2004","unstructured":"Peters I, Calvert E, Hall E, Day M. Measurement of immunoglobulin concentrations in the feces of healthy dogs. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2004;11(5):841\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0120294","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0120294","volume":"10","author":"YU Kim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kim YU, Lim H, Jung HE, Wetsel RA, Chung Y. Regulation of autoimmune germinal center reactions in lupus-prone BXD2 mice by follicular helper T cells. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0120294.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.05.019","volume":"12","author":"TM Garcia","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garcia TM, van Roest M, Vermeulen JL, Meisner S, Smit WL, Silva J, et al. Early life antibiotics influence in vivo and in vitro mouse intestinal epithelium maturation and functioning. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;12(3):943\u201381.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"2284_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2300089","DOI":"10.1002\/adbi.202300089","volume":"7","author":"U Pandey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pandey U, Tambat S, Aich P. Postnatal 14D is the key window for mice intestinal development-an insight from age-dependent antibiotic-mediated gut microbial dysbiosis study. Adv Biol. 2023;7(7):2300089.","journal-title":"Adv Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.1.143-169.1995","volume":"59","author":"RI Amann","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H. Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev. 1995;59(1):143\u201369.","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.2.795-799.1998","volume":"64","author":"JR Marchesi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Marchesi JR, Sato T, Weightman AJ, Martin TA, Fry JC, Hiom SJ, et al. Design and evaluation of useful bacterium-specific PCR primers that amplify genes coding for bacterial 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1998;64(2):795\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2284_CR34","first-page":"407","volume":"73","author":"MEN De Macias","year":"1992","unstructured":"De Macias MEN, Apella MC, Romero NC, Gonz\u00e1lez SN, Oliver G. Inhibition of Shigella sonnei by Lactobacillus casei and Lact. acidophilus. J Appl Microbiol. 1992;73(5):407\u201311.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"W1","key":"2284_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"W310","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkad407","volume":"51","author":"Y Lu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lu Y, Zhou G, Ewald J, Pang Z, Shiri T, Xia J. MicrobiomeAnalyst 2.0: comprehensive statistical, functional and integrative analysis of microbiome data. Nucleic Acids Res. 2023;51(W1):W310\u20138.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2284_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0470-z","volume":"6","author":"NA Bokulich","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bokulich NA, Kaehler BD, Rideout JR, Dillon M, Bolyen E, Knight R, et al. Optimizing taxonomic classification of marker-gene amplicon sequences with QIIME 2\u2019s q2-feature-classifier plugin. Microbiome. 2018;6:1\u201317.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"2284_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","unstructured":"Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, Gevers D, Miropolsky L, Garrett WS, et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation. Genome Biol. 2011;12:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0324-z","volume":"25","author":"T Feehley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Feehley T, Plunkett CH, Bao R, Choi Hong SM, Culleen E, Belda-Ferre P, et al. Healthy infants harbor intestinal bacteria that protect against food allergy. Nat Med. 2019;25(3):448\u201353.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","volume":"38","author":"GM Douglas","year":"2020","unstructured":"Douglas GM, Maffei VJ, Zaneveld JR, Yurgel SN, Brown JR, Taylor CM, et al. PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions. Nat Biotechnol. 2020;38(6):685\u20138.","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2284_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.04.095","volume":"263","author":"KH Cha","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cha KH, Lee EH, Yoon HS, Lee JH, Kim JY, Kang K, et al. Effects of fermented milk treatment on microbial population and metabolomic outcomes in a three-stage semi-continuous culture system. Food Chem. 2018;263:216\u201324.","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"key":"2284_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-006-0125-3","volume":"33","author":"RL Vetel\u00e4inen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Vetel\u00e4inen RL, Bennink RJ, de Bruin K, van Vliet A, van Gulik TM. Hepatobiliary function assessed by 99m Tc-mebrofenin cholescintigraphy in the evaluation of severity of steatosis in a rat model. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2006;33:1107\u201314.","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2023.03.002","volume":"56","author":"HYP Lam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lam HYP, Wu W-J, Liang T-R, Li H-C, Chang K-C, Peng S-Y. Salmonella typhimurium exacerbates injuries but resolves fibrosis in liver and spleen during Schistosoma mansoni infection. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023;56(3):477\u201389.","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021345","volume":"197","author":"KJ Maloy","year":"2003","unstructured":"Maloy KJ, Salaun L, Cahill R, Dougan G, Saunders NJ, Powrie F. CD4+ CD25+ TR cells suppress innate immune pathology through cytokine-dependent mechanisms. J Exp Med. 2003;197(1):111\u20139.","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"81","key":"2284_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadf2248","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adf2248","volume":"8","author":"Y-J Kim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kim Y-J, Oh J, Jung S, Kim CJ, Choi J, Jeon YK, et al. The transcription factor Mef2d regulates B: T synapse\u2013dependent GC-TFH differentiation and IL-21\u2013mediated humoral immunity. Sci Immunol. 2023;8(81):eadf2248.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.10.012","volume":"49","author":"CJ Kim","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim CJ, Lee C-G, Jung J-Y, Ghosh A, Hasan SN, Hwang S-M, et al. The transcription factor Ets1 suppresses T follicular helper type 2 cell differentiation to halt the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunity. 2018;49(6):1034-48e8.","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2016.42","volume":"16","author":"MG Rooks","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rooks MG, Garrett WS. Gut microbiota, metabolites and host immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16(6):341\u201352.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"28","key":"2284_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaat6975","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aat6975","volume":"3","author":"R Verma","year":"2018","unstructured":"Verma R, Lee C, Jeun E-J, Yi J, Kim KS, Ghosh A, et al. Cell surface polysaccharides of Bifidobacterium bifidum induce the generation of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Sci Immunol. 2018;3(28):eaat6975.","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300395","volume":"213","author":"S Byun","year":"2024","unstructured":"Byun S, Lee J, Choi YH, Ko H, Lee C, Park JC, et al. Gut microbiota defines functional direction of colonic regulatory T cells with unique TCR repertoires. J Immunol. 2024;213(6):886\u201397.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2284_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940505.x","volume":"94","author":"AF el-Nahas","year":"2004","unstructured":"el-Nahas AF, el-Ashmawy IM. Reproductive and cytogenetic toxicity of metronidazole in male mice. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;94(5):226\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1742-7843.2004.pto940505.x.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001","volume":"20","author":"M Kim","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kim M, Qie Y, Park J, Kim CH. Gut microbial metabolites fuel host antibody responses. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;20(2):202\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chom.2016.07.001.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00889","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00889-14","volume":"5","author":"M Vital","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vital M, Howe AC, Tiedje JM. Revealing the bacterial butyrate synthesis pathways by analyzing (meta)genomic data. mBio. 2014;5(2):e00889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00889-14.","journal-title":"mBio."},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00208.x","volume":"17","author":"GN Bennett","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bennett GN, Rudolph FB. The central metabolic pathway from acetyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA in Clostridium acetobutylicum. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 1995;17(3):241\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00208.x.","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-021-00259-4","volume":"15","author":"DH Jung","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jung DH, Yong JH, Hwang W, Yoon MY, Yoon SS. An efficient system for intestinal on-site butyrate production using novel microbiome-derived esterases. J Biol Eng. 2021;15(1):9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13036-021-00259-4.","journal-title":"J Biol Eng"},{"issue":"3","key":"2284_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaost.2022.06.006","volume":"5","author":"F Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao F, Cui Y, Song S, Zhu J, Liu X, Ji X, et al. Digestion performance improvement of tributyrin through nano-emulsion preparation technology. Grain Oil Sci Technol. 2022;5(3):131\u201345.","journal-title":"Grain Oil Sci Technol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1038\/ni0111-5","volume":"12","author":"KM Maslowski","year":"2011","unstructured":"Maslowski KM, Mackay CR. Diet, gut microbiota and immune responses. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(1):5\u20139.","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.056","volume":"145","author":"MH Kim","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kim MH, Kang SG, Park JH, Yanagisawa M, Kim CH. Short-chain fatty acids activate GPR41 and GPR43 on intestinal epithelial cells to promote inflammatory responses in mice. Gastroenterology. 2013;145(2):396-406e10.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"issue":"6145","key":"2284_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241165","volume":"341","author":"PM Smith","year":"2013","unstructured":"Smith PM, Howitt MR, Panikov N, Michaud M, Gallini CA, Bohlooly-y M, et al. The microbial metabolites, short-chain fatty acids, regulate colonic Treg cell homeostasis. Science. 2013;341(6145):569\u201373.","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-06048-w","volume":"9","author":"H Fujiwara","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fujiwara H, Docampo MD, Riwes M, Peltier D, Toubai T, Henig I, et al. Microbial metabolite sensor GPR43 controls severity of experimental GVHD. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):3674.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.1.946-949.2006","volume":"72","author":"I Gantois","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gantois I, Ducatelle R, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Hautefort I, Thompson A, et al. Butyrate specifically down-regulates Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 gene expression. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2006;72(1):946\u20139.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2284_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.004","volume":"19","author":"F Rivera-Ch\u00e1vez","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rivera-Ch\u00e1vez F, Zhang LF, Faber F, Lopez CA, Byndloss MX, Olsan EE, et al. Depletion of butyrate-producing Clostridia from the gut microbiota drives an aerobic luminal expansion of Salmonella. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(4):443\u201354.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.01.004","volume":"23","author":"DN Bronner","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bronner DN, Faber F, Olsan EE, Byndloss MX, Sayed NA, Xu G, et al. Genetic ablation of butyrate utilization attenuates gastrointestinal Salmonella disease. Cell host & microbe. 2018;23(2):266-73e4.","journal-title":"Cell host & microbe."},{"issue":"11","key":"2284_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2653","volume":"9","author":"JR Turner","year":"2009","unstructured":"Turner JR. Intestinal mucosal barrier function in health and disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9(11):799\u2013809.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2023.23.e7","volume":"23","author":"C Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee C, Lee H, Park JC, Im S-H. Microbial components and effector molecules in T helper cell differentiation and function. Immune Netw. 2023;23(1):e7.","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.41","volume":"4","author":"NJ Mantis","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mantis NJ, Rol N, Corth\u00e9sy B. Secretory IgA\u2019s complex roles in immunity and mucosal homeostasis in the gut. Mucosal Immunol. 2011;4(6):603\u201311.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2284_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00506-1","volume":"21","author":"KE Huus","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huus KE, Petersen C, Finlay BB. Diversity and dynamism of IgA\u2212 microbiota interactions. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(8):514\u201325.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2007.03562.x","volume":"27","author":"HM Hamer","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hamer HM, Jonkers D, Venema K, Vanhoutvin S, Troost F, Brummer RJ. The role of butyrate on colonic function. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008;27(2):104\u201319.","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"7480","key":"2284_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12721","volume":"504","author":"Y Furusawa","year":"2013","unstructured":"Furusawa Y, Obata Y, Fukuda S, Endo TA, Nakato G, Takahashi D, et al. Commensal microbe-derived butyrate induces the differentiation of colonic regulatory T cells. Nature. 2013;504(7480):446\u201350.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7480","key":"2284_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12726","volume":"504","author":"N Arpaia","year":"2013","unstructured":"Arpaia N, Campbell C, Fan X, Dikiy S, Van Der Veeken J, Deroos P, et al. Metabolites produced by commensal bacteria promote peripheral regulatory T-cell generation. Nature. 2013;504(7480):451\u20135.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2023.23.e6","volume":"23","author":"J-H Yoon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yoon J-H, Do J-S, Velankanni P, Lee C-G, Kwon H-K. Gut microbial metabolites on host immune responses in health and disease. Immune Netw. 2023;23(1):e6.","journal-title":"Immune Netw"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24331-1","volume":"12","author":"M Luu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Luu M, Riester Z, Baldrich A, Reichardt N, Yuille S, Busetti A, et al. Microbial short-chain fatty acids modulate CD8+ T cell responses and improve adoptive immunotherapy for cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):4077.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2019.06.002","volume":"51","author":"A Bachem","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bachem A, Makhlouf C, Binger KJ, de Souza DP, Tull D, Hochheiser K, et al. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids promote the memory potential of antigen-activated CD8+ T cells. Immunity. 2019;51(2):285-97e5.","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"2284_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102913","author":"D Takahashi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Takahashi D, Hoshina N, Kabumoto Y, Maeda Y, Suzuki A, Tanabe H, et al. Microbiota-derived butyrate limits the autoimmune response by promoting the differentiation of follicular regulatory T cells. EBioMedicine. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102913.","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"2284_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm1511","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abm1511","volume":"8","author":"J He","year":"2022","unstructured":"He J, Chu Y, Li J, Meng Q, Liu Y, Jin J, et al. Intestinal butyrate-metabolizing species contribute to autoantibody production and bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Adv. 2022;8(6):eabm1511.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80339-9","volume":"83","author":"W Roediger","year":"1982","unstructured":"Roediger W. Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology. 1982;83(2):424\u20139.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"9","key":"2284_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.104638","volume":"139","author":"L Peng","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peng L, Li Z-R, Green RS, Holzmanr IR, Lin J. Butyrate enhances the intestinal barrier by facilitating tight junction assembly via activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in Caco-2 cell monolayers. J Nutr. 2009;139(9):1619\u201325.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"5","key":"2284_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.043","volume":"167","author":"MS Desai","year":"2016","unstructured":"Desai MS, Seekatz AM, Koropatkin NM, Kamada N, Hickey CA, Wolter M, et al. A dietary fiber-deprived gut microbiota degrades the colonic mucus barrier and enhances pathogen susceptibility. Cell. 2016;167(5):1339-53e21.","journal-title":"Cell."},{"issue":"2","key":"2284_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20082222","volume":"420","author":"N Burger-van Paassen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Burger-van Paassen N, Vincent A, Puiman PJ, van Der Sluis M, Bouma J, Boehm G, et al. The regulation of intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short-chain fatty acids: implications for epithelial protection. Biochemical Journal. 2009;420(2):211\u20139.","journal-title":"Biochemical Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"2284_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071775","volume":"10","author":"PS Salvi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Salvi PS, Cowles RA. Butyrate and the intestinal epithelium: modulation of proliferation and inflammation in homeostasis and disease. Cells. 2021;10(7):1775.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2284_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2022.06.004","volume":"10","author":"S Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu S, Wu J, Wu Z, Alugongo GM, Khan MZ, Li J, et al. Tributyrin administration improves intestinal development and health in pre-weaned dairy calves fed milk replacer. Anim Nutr. 2022;10:399\u2013411.","journal-title":"Anim Nutr"},{"key":"2284_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1142174","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1142174","volume":"14","author":"Y Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin Y, Li D, Ma Z, Che L, Feng B, Fang Z, et al. Maternal tributyrin supplementation in late pregnancy and lactation improves offspring immunity, gut microbiota, and diarrhea rate in a sow model. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1142174.","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"7268","key":"2284_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1282","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08530","volume":"461","author":"KM Maslowski","year":"2009","unstructured":"Maslowski KM, Vieira AT, Ng A, Kranich J, Sierro F, Yu D, et al. Regulation of inflammatory responses by gut microbiota and chemoattractant receptor GPR43. Nature. 2009;461(7268):1282\u20136.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmx009","volume":"9","author":"H Liu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Liu H, Wang J, He T, Becker S, Zhang G, Li D, et al. Butyrate: a double-edged sword for health? Adv Nutr. 2018;9(1):21\u20139.","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"2284_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36941-9","volume":"9","author":"S Chriett","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chriett S, D\u0105bek A, Wojtala M, Vidal H, Balcerczyk A, Pirola L. Prominent action of butyrate over \u03b2-hydroxybutyrate as histone deacetylase inhibitor, transcriptional modulator and anti-inflammatory molecule. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):742.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2284_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.7.2485S","volume":"133","author":"JR Davie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Davie JR. Inhibition of histone deacetylase activity by butyrate. J Nutr. 2003;133(7):2485S-S2493.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2284_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300475","volume":"212","author":"ML Ibrahim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ibrahim ML, Zheng H, Barlow ML, Latif Y, Chen Z, Yu X, et al. Histone deacetylase inhibitors directly modulate T cell gene expression and signaling and promote development of effector-exhausted T cells in murine tumors. J Immunol. 2024;212(4):737\u201347.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"2284_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114065","author":"M Zhu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhu M, Han Y, Gu T, Wang R, Si X, Kong D, et al. Class I HDAC inhibitors enhance antitumor efficacy and persistence of CAR-T cells by activation of the Wnt pathway. Cell Rep. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.114065.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2284_CR87","unstructured":"GEO N. GEO Accession GSE291840. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE291840&token=cdujomwgvdmrxyn (2025). Accessed."},{"key":"2284_CR88","unstructured":"GEO N. GEO Accession GSE291841. https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/geo\/query\/acc.cgi?acc=GSE291841&token=khotgcaulbwxtkz Accessed."}],"container-title":["Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T06:02:19Z","timestamp":1769061739000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2284"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-025-02284-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-2618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-2618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 January 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All animal experiments were approved by the International Animal Care and Use Committee of Pohang University of Science and Technology (Approval no.: POSTECH-2019\u20130022; Date of approval: March 04, 2019).","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"S.C., J.L., M.P., and J.P. are employees of ImmunoBiome. S.-H.I. is the founder and major shareholder of ImmunoBiome. The other authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"37"}}