{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T15:20:05Z","timestamp":1789226405954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777248000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":53,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PJT-156123 and TMI-138656"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-156123 and TMI-138656"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01A123002-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01A123002-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:44:48Z","timestamp":1772671488000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Post-coital dynamics of the penile and cervico-vaginal genital microbiome"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Daniel E.","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avid","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sydney G.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan E.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sareh","family":"Bagherichimeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliha","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abigail","family":"Onos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Villani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azadeh","family":"Fazel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Tevlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanja","family":"Huibner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wangari","family":"Tharao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rupert","family":"Kaul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy M.","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01185-9","volume":"10","author":"RM Galiwango","year":"2022","unstructured":"Galiwango RM, Park DE, Huibner S, Onos A, Aziz M, Roach K, et al. Immune milieu and microbiome of the distal urethra in Ugandan men: impact of penile circumcision and implications for HIV susceptibility. Microbiome. 2022;10(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-021-01185-9.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"2364_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.019","volume":"42","author":"MN Anahtar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Anahtar MN, Byrne EH, Doherty KE, Bowman BA, Yamamoto HS, Soumillon M, et al. Cervicovaginal bacteria are a major modulator of host inflammatory responses in the female genital tract. Immunity. 2015;42(5):965\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.04.019.","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2364_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci152930","author":"E Armstrong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armstrong E, Hemmerling A, Miller S, Burke KE, Newmann SJ, Morris SR, et al. Metronidazole treatment rapidly reduces genital inflammation through effects on bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria rather than lactobacilli. J Clin Invest. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci152930.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"6","key":"2364_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1097\/qad.0000000000001768","volume":"32","author":"MC Eastment","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eastment MC, McClelland RS. Vaginal microbiota and susceptibility to HIV. AIDS. 2018;32(6):687\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/qad.0000000000001768.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12 Suppl 2","key":"2364_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S222","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa762","volume":"223","author":"S Tuddenham","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tuddenham S, Ravel J, Marrazzo JM. Protection and risk: male and female genital microbiota and sexually transmitted infections. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(12 Suppl 2):S222\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa762.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"2364_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1097\/coh.0000000000000865","volume":"19","author":"SG Nelson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Nelson SG, Liu CM. Penile microbiome: decoding its impact on HIV risk. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2024;19(5):241\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/coh.0000000000000865.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"2364_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0304","volume":"35","author":"LR McKinnon","year":"2019","unstructured":"McKinnon LR, Achilles SL, Bradshaw CS, Burgener A, Crucitti T, Fredricks DN, et al. The evolving facets of bacterial vaginosis: implications for HIV transmission. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2019;35(3):219\u201328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/aid.2018.0304.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"2364_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.147363","author":"JL Prodger","year":"2021","unstructured":"Prodger JL, Abraham AG, Tobian AA, Park DE, Aziz M, Roach K, et al. Penile bacteria associated with HIV seroconversion, inflammation, and immune cells. JCI Insight. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/jci.insight.147363.","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"issue":"3","key":"2364_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00589-15","volume":"6","author":"CM Liu","year":"2015","unstructured":"Liu CM, Hungate BA, Tobian AA, Ravel J, Prodger JL, Serwadda D, et al. Penile microbiota and female partner bacterial vaginosis in Rakai, Uganda. MBio. 2015;6(3):e00589. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00589-15.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"2","key":"2364_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00076-13","volume":"4","author":"CM Liu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Liu CM, Hungate BA, Tobian AA, Serwadda D, Ravel J, Lester R, et al. Male circumcision significantly reduces prevalence and load of genital anaerobic bacteria. MBio. 2013;4(2):e00076. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00076-13.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0008422","volume":"5","author":"LB Price","year":"2010","unstructured":"Price LB, Liu CM, Johnson KE, Aziz M, Lau MK, Bowers J, et al. The effects of circumcision on the penis microbiome. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0008422.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"2364_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101705","volume":"5","author":"RM Galiwango","year":"2024","unstructured":"Galiwango RM, Okech B, Park DE, Buchanan L, Shao Z, Bagaya B, et al. Impact of antimicrobials on penile HIV susceptibility and immunology in uncircumcised men: a randomized phase 1\/2 clinical trial. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(9):101705. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101705.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"2364_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/msphere.00030-24","volume":"9","author":"KA Carter","year":"2024","unstructured":"Carter KA, France MT, Rutt L, Bilski L, Martinez-Greiwe S, Regan M, et al. Sexual transmission of urogenital bacteria: whole metagenome sequencing evidence from a sexual network study. mSphere. 2024;9(3):e00030-24. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00030-24.","journal-title":"mSphere"},{"issue":"10","key":"2364_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026732","volume":"6","author":"AM Eren","year":"2011","unstructured":"Eren AM, Zozaya M, Taylor CM, Dowd SE, Martin DH, Ferris MJ. Exploring the diversity of Gardnerella vaginalis in the genitourinary tract microbiota of monogamous couples through subtle nucleotide variation. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(10):e26732. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0026732.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0161-6","volume":"4","author":"M Zozaya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zozaya M, Ferris MJ, Siren JD, Lillis R, Myers L, Nsuami MJ, et al. Bacterial communities in penile skin, male urethra, and vaginas of heterosexual couples with and without bacterial vaginosis. Microbiome. 2016;4(1):16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-016-0161-6.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"2364_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.100981","volume":"4","author":"E Toh","year":"2023","unstructured":"Toh E, Xing Y, Gao X, Jordan SJ, Batteiger TA, Batteiger BE, et al. Sexual behavior shapes male genitourinary microbiome composition. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4(3):100981. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.xcrm.2023.100981.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"key":"2364_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102434","volume":"51","author":"PS Allen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Allen PS, Pugh SN, Bright J-A, Taylor DA, Curran JM, Kerr Z, et al. Relaxing the assumption of unrelatedness in the numerator and denominator of likelihood ratios for DNA mixtures. Forensic Sci Int Genet. 2021;51:102434. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fsigen.2020.102434.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"2364_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111861","volume":"28","author":"R Dixon","year":"2025","unstructured":"Dixon R, Egan S, Payne M, Mullally C, Chapman B. Bacterial transfer during sexual intercourse as a tool for forensic detection. iScience. 2025;28(2):111861. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.isci.2025.111861.","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2364_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111711","volume":"348","author":"R Dixon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dixon R, Egan S, Hughes S, Chapman B. The sexome\u00a0- a proof of concept study into microbial transfer between heterosexual couples after sexual intercourse. Forensic Sci Int. 2023;348:111711. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2023.111711.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"2364_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00178","volume":"6","author":"M Carda-Di\u00e9guez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Carda-Di\u00e9guez M, C\u00e1rdenas N, Aparicio M, Beltr\u00e1n D, Rodr\u00edguez JM, Mira A. Variations in vaginal, penile, and oral microbiota after sexual intercourse: a case report. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;6:178. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2019.00178.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"2364_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1097\/gco.0000000000000976","volume":"36","author":"EL Plummer","year":"2024","unstructured":"Plummer EL, Vodstrcil LA, Bradshaw CS. Unravelling the vaginal microbiome, impact on health and disease. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2024;36(5):338\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gco.0000000000000976.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13801","volume":"91","author":"E Day","year":"2024","unstructured":"Day E, Galiwango RM, Park D, Huibner S, Aziz M, Anok A, et al. Insertive vaginal sex is associated with altered penile immunology and enrichment of Gardnerella vaginalis in uncircumcised Ugandan men. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2024;91(1):e13801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/aji.13801.","journal-title":"Am J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2364_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000054","volume":"40","author":"LE Manhart","year":"2013","unstructured":"Manhart LE, Khosropour CM, Liu C, Gillespie CW, Depner K, Fiedler T, et al. Bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria in men: association of Leptotrichia\/Sneathia spp. with nongonococcal urethritis. Sex Transm Dis. 2013;40(12):944\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/olq.0000000000000054.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"2364_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.916437","volume":"12","author":"SD Mehta","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mehta SD, Nandi D, Agingu W, Green SJ, Otieno FO, Bhaumik DK, et al. Longitudinal changes in the composition of the penile microbiome are associated with circumcision status, HIV and HSV-2 status, sexual practices, and female partner microbiome composition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:916437. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2022.916437.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2364_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00383","volume":"7","author":"H Onywera","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onywera H, Williamson AL, Ponomarenko J, Meiring TL. The penile microbiota in uncircumcised and circumcised men: relationships with HIV and human papillomavirus infections and cervicovaginal microbiota. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2020.00383.","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2364_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00433","volume":"10","author":"SD Mehta","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehta SD, Zhao D, Green SJ, Agingu W, Otieno F, Bhaumik R, et al. The microbiome composition of a man\u2019s penis predicts incident bacterial vaginosis in his female sex partner with high accuracy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2020;10:433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00433.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2364_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00996-17","author":"CM Liu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liu CM, Prodger JL, Tobian AAR, Abraham AG, Kigozi G, Hungate BA, et al. Penile anaerobic dysbiosis as a risk factor for HIV infection. MBio. 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.00996-17.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-022-00122-7","volume":"2","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, Bagherichimeh S, Choi Y, Fazel A, Tevlin E, Huibner S, et al. Immune parameters of HIV susceptibility in the female genital tract before and after penile-vaginal sex. Commun Med. 2022;2(1):60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43856-022-00122-7.","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009948","volume":"18","author":"A Mohammadi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mohammadi A, Bagherichimeh S, Choi Y, Fazel A, Tevlin E, Huibner S, et al. Insertive condom-protected and condomless vaginal sex both have a profound impact on the penile immune correlates of HIV susceptibility. PLoS Pathog. 2022;18(1):e1009948. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009948.","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ravel J, Gajer P, Abdo Z, Schneider GM, Koenig SS, McCulle SL, et al. Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108(1):4680\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1002611107.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"2364_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix088","volume":"215","author":"B Shannon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Shannon B, Gajer P, Yi TJ, Ma B, Humphrys MS, Thomas-Pavanel J, et al. Distinct effects of the cervicovaginal microbiota and herpes simplex type 2 infection on female genital tract immunology. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(9):1366\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jix088.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-12198-6","volume":"7","author":"V Jespers","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jespers V, Kyongo J, Joseph S, Hardy L, Cools P, Crucitti T, et al. A longitudinal analysis of the vaginal microbiota and vaginal immune mediators in women from sub-Saharan Africa. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):11974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-017-12198-6.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2364_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac938","volume":"76","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, No\u00ebl-Romas L, Perner M, Knodel S, Molatlhegi R, Hoger S, et al. Non-lactobacillus-dominant and polymicrobial vaginal microbiomes are more common in younger South African women and predictive of increased risk of human immunodeficiency virus acquisition. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(8):1372\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/ciac938.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-12-56","volume":"12","author":"CM Liu","year":"2012","unstructured":"Liu CM, Aziz M, Kachur S, Hsueh P-R, Huang Y-T, Keim P, et al. BactQuant: an enhanced broad-coverage bacterial quantitative real-time PCR assay. BMC Microbiol. 2012;12(1):56. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2180-12-56.","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6","volume":"2","author":"DW Fadrosh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fadrosh DW, Ma B, Gajer P, Sengamalay N, Ott S, Brotman RM, et al. An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. Microbiome. 2014;2(1):6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6.","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"7","key":"2364_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","volume":"13","author":"BJ Callahan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Callahan BJ, McMurdie PJ, Rosen MJ, Han AW, Johnson AJA, Holmes SP. DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data. Nat Methods. 2016;13(7):581\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nmeth.3869.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"16","key":"2364_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00062-07","volume":"73","author":"Q Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang Q, Garrity GM, Tiedje JM, Cole JR. Naive Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73(16):5261\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00062-07.","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2364_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-21406-7","volume":"15","author":"SG Nelson","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nelson SG, Spyers-Duran M, Aziz M, Marcone D, Nault D, Demessie G, et al. Real-time PCR assay design and validation for Prevotella bivia, Peptostreptococcus anaerobius, and Dialister micraerophilus, bacteria associated with increased HIV susceptibility. Sci Rep. 2025;15(1):37789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-21406-7.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2364_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-023-00266-0","author":"Y Gao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gao Y, Wu M. Accounting for 16S rRNA copy number prediction uncertainty and its implications in bacterial diversity analyses. ISME Commun. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s43705-023-00266-0.","journal-title":"ISME Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"2364_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-025-01165-5","volume":"20","author":"B Doyle","year":"2025","unstructured":"Doyle B, Reynolds GZM, Dvorak M, Maghini DG, Natarajan A, Bhatt AS. Absolute quantification of prokaryotes in the microbiome by 16S rRNA qPCR or ddPCR. Nat Protoc. 2025;20(12):3441\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41596-025-01165-5.","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"issue":"4-3","key":"2364_CR41","first-page":"2017","volume":"2","author":"J Oksanen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oksanen J, Blanchet FG, Friendly M, Kindt R, Legendre P, McGlin D, et al. vegan: Community Ecology Package. R package version. 2017;2(4\u20133):2017.","journal-title":"R package version"},{"key":"2364_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00342-18","author":"JS Coleman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coleman JS, Gaydos CA. Molecular diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis: an update. J Clin Microbiol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.00342-18.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2364_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00837-22","volume":"61","author":"CA Muzny","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muzny CA, Cerca N, Elnaggar JH, Taylor CM, Sobel JD, Van Der Pol B. State of the Art for Diagnosis of Bacterial Vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2023;61(8):e0083722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00837-22.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2364_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01272-07","volume":"45","author":"DN Fredricks","year":"2007","unstructured":"Fredricks DN, Fiedler TL, Thomas KK, Oakley BB, Marrazzo JM. Targeted PCR for detection of vaginal bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(10):3270\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JCM.01272-07.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2364_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019","volume":"224","author":"J Ravel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ravel J, Moreno I, Simon C. Bacterial vaginosis and its association with infertility, endometritis, and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224(3):251\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019.","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2364_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiz342","volume":"220","author":"CA Muzny","year":"2019","unstructured":"Muzny CA, Taylor CM, Swords WE, Tamhane A, Chattopadhyay D, Cerca N, et al. An updated conceptual model on the pathogenesis of bacterial vaginosis. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(9):1399\u2013405. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/infdis\/jiz342.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"2364_CR47","volume-title":"Explanation in causal inference : methods for mediation and interaction","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2015","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ. Explanation in causal inference\u202f: methods for mediation and interaction. New York: Oxford University Press; 2015."}],"container-title":["Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T02:16:47Z","timestamp":1777256207000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2364"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02364-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-2618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-2618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 February 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 March 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The protocol was reviewed and approved by the HIV Research Ethics Board at the University of Toronto (RIS protocol #33381) and determined to be exempt by the George Washington University IRB (NCR235162). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"126"}}