{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:47:21Z","timestamp":1792788441969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784678400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1792108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":86,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Copenhagen University","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/035b05819","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Microbiome"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T00:44:13Z","timestamp":1784681053000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cesarean section-induced changes in the gut microbiota facilitate metabolic disease in high-fat diet-induced obese mice"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Line Fisker","family":"Zachariassen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederikke Uldall Fl\u00f8e","family":"Mortensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline M\u00e4rta Junker","family":"Mentzel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping-Ping","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo Atienza","family":"Lopez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukasz","family":"Krych","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Canibe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rikke Kaae","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Vegge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morten Arendt","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakob","family":"Stokholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camilla Hartmann Friis","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2468_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betran AP, Ye J, Moller AB, Souza JP, Zhang J. Trends and projections of caesarean section rates: global and regional estimates. BMJ Glob Health. 2021;6(6):e005671.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2021-005671"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.07.040","volume":"137","author":"K Kristensen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kristensen K, Henriksen L. Cesarean section and disease associated with immune function. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137(2):587\u201390.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e92","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-0596","volume":"135","author":"A Sevelsted","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sevelsted A, Stokholm J, B\u00f8nnelykke K, Bisgaard H. Cesarean section and chronic immune disorders. Pediatrics. 2015;135(1):e92\u20138.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2222.2008.02939.x","volume":"38","author":"P Bager","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bager P, Wohlfahrt J, Westergaard T. Caesarean delivery and risk of atopy and allergic disease: meta-analyses. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(4):634\u201342.","journal-title":"Clin Exp Allergy"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002494","volume":"15","author":"OE Keag","year":"2018","unstructured":"Keag OE, Norman JE, Stock SJ. Long-term risks and benefits associated with cesarean delivery for mother, baby, and subsequent pregnancies: systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2018;15(1):e1002494.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"2468_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1796s","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.9.1796S","volume":"138","author":"G Biasucci","year":"2008","unstructured":"Biasucci G, Benenati B, Morelli L, Bessi E, Boehm G. Cesarean delivery may affect the early biodiversity of intestinal bacteria. J Nutr. 2008;138(9):1796s-s1800.","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-303249","volume":"63","author":"HE Jakobsson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jakobsson HE, Abrahamsson TR, Jenmalm MC, Harris K, Quince C, Jernberg C, et al. Decreased gut microbiota diversity, delayed Bacteroidetes colonisation and reduced Th1 responses in infants delivered by caesarean section. Gut. 2014;63(4):559\u201366.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1159\/000496427","volume":"74","author":"S Akagawa","year":"2019","unstructured":"Akagawa S, Tsuji S, Onuma C, Akagawa Y, Yamaguchi T, Yamagishi M, et al. Effect of delivery mode and nutrition on gut microbiota in neonates. Ann Nutr Metab. 2019;74(2):132\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Nutr Metab"},{"issue":"31","key":"2468_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11070","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0504978102","volume":"102","author":"RE Ley","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ley RE, B\u00e4ckhed F, Turnbaugh P, Lozupone CA, Knight RD, Gordon JI. Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(31):11070\u20135.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.05.004","volume":"17","author":"LM Cox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Cox LM, Blaser MJ. Pathways in microbe-induced obesity. Cell Metab. 2013;17(6):883\u201394.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"1087","key":"2468_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2015-133285","volume":"92","author":"E Patterson","year":"2016","unstructured":"Patterson E, Ryan PM, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Ross RP, Fitzgerald GF, et al. Gut microbiota, obesity and diabetes. Postgrad Med J. 2016;92(1087):286\u2013300.","journal-title":"Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"2468_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01751-18","author":"MA Stanislawski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stanislawski MA, Dabelea D, Wagner BD, Iszatt N, Dahl C, Sontag MK, et al. Gut microbiota in the first 2 years of life and the association with body mass index at age 12 in a Norwegian birth cohort. MBio. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mBio.01751-18.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.01.024","volume":"158","author":"G Galazzo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Galazzo G, van Best N, Bervoets L, Dapaah IO, Savelkoul PH, Hornef MW, et al. Development of the microbiota and associations with birth mode, diet, and atopic disorders in a longitudinal analysis of stool samples, collected from infancy through early childhood. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(6):1584\u201396.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2016.01.028","volume":"138","author":"J Stokholm","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stokholm J, Thorsen J, Chawes BL, Schj\u00f8rring S, Krogfelt KA, B\u00f8nnelykke K, et al. Cesarean section changes neonatal gut colonization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(3):881-9.e2.","journal-title":"J Allergy Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"569","key":"2468_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax9929","volume":"12","author":"J Stokholm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stokholm J, Thorsen J, Blaser MJ, Rasmussen MA, Hjelms\u00f8 M, Shah S, et al. Delivery mode and gut microbial changes correlate with an increased risk of childhood asthma. Sci Transl Med. 2020;12(569):eaax9929.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0498-0","volume":"16","author":"E Rutayisire","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rutayisire E, Huang K, Liu Y, Tao F. The mode of delivery affects the diversity and colonization pattern of the gut microbiota during the first year of infants\u2019 life: a systematic review. BMC Gastroenterol. 2016;16(1):86.","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-025051","volume":"9","author":"G Masukume","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masukume G, McCarthy FP, Baker PN, Kenny LC, Morton SM, Murray DM, et al. Association between caesarean section delivery and obesity in childhood: a longitudinal cohort study in Ireland. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):e025051.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"10","key":"2468_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-013-2043-2","volume":"172","author":"L Wang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wang L, Alamian A, Southerland J, Wang K, Anderson J, Stevens M. Cesarean section and the risk of overweight in grade 6 children. Eur J Pediatr. 2013;172(10):1341\u20137.","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"issue":"7","key":"2468_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2011-301141","volume":"97","author":"SY Huh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Huh SY, Rifas-Shiman SL, Zera CA, Edwards JW, Oken E, Weiss ST, et al. Delivery by caesarean section and risk of obesity in preschool age children: a prospective cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2012;97(7):610\u20136.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.180","volume":"39","author":"NT Mueller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mueller NT, Whyatt R, Hoepner L, Oberfield S, Dominguez-Bello MG, Widen EM, et al. Prenatal exposure to antibiotics, cesarean section and risk of childhood obesity. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(4):665\u201370.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"issue":"8","key":"2468_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.04.007","volume":"29","author":"YB Zhou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zhou YB, Li HT, Si KY, Zhang YL, Wang LL, Liu JM. Association of elective cesarean delivery with metabolic measures in childhood: a prospective cohort study in China. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(8):775\u201382.","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"2468_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2019-212591","volume":"73","author":"G Masukume","year":"2019","unstructured":"Masukume G, McCarthy FP, Russell J, Baker PN, Kenny LC, Morton SM, et al. Caesarean section delivery and childhood obesity: evidence from the growing up in New Zealand cohort. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2019;73(12):1063\u201370.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33482-z","volume":"8","author":"G Masukume","year":"2018","unstructured":"Masukume G, O\u2019Neill SM, Baker PN, Kenny LC, Morton SMB, Khashan AS. The impact of caesarean section on the risk of childhood overweight and obesity: new evidence from a contemporary cohort study. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):15113.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"2468_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2012-303459","volume":"98","author":"K Flemming","year":"2013","unstructured":"Flemming K, Woolcott CG, Allen AC, Veugelers PJ, Kuhle S. The association between caesarean section and childhood obesity revisited: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child. 2013;98(7):526\u201332.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"12","key":"2468_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002996","volume":"16","author":"VH Ahlqvist","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahlqvist VH, Persson M, Magnusson C, Berglind D. Elective and nonelective cesarean section and obesity among young adult male offspring: a Swedish population-based cohort study. PLoS Med. 2019;16(12):e1002996.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"2468_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez KA, 2nd, Devlin JC, Lacher CR, Yin Y, Cai Y, Wang J, Dominguez-Bello MG. Increased weight gain by C-section: functional significance of the primordial microbiome. Sci Adv. 2017;3(10):eaao1874.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aao1874"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400085","volume":"193","author":"CH Hansen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Hansen CH, Andersen LS, Krych L, Metzdorff SB, Hasselby JP, Skov S, et al. Mode of delivery shapes gut colonization pattern and modulates regulatory immunity in mice. J Immunol. 2014;193(3):1213\u201322.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800666","volume":"202","author":"LF Zachariassen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zachariassen LF, Krych L, Rasmussen SH, Nielsen DS, Kot W, Holm TL, et al. Cesarean section induces microbiota-regulated immune disturbances in C57BL\/6 mice. J Immunol. 2019;202(1):142\u201350.","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0207-8","volume":"12","author":"LF Zachariassen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Zachariassen LF, Hansen AK, Krych L, Nielsen DS, Holm TL, Tougaard P, et al. Cesarean section increases sensitivity to oxazolone-induced colitis in C57BL\/6 mice. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12(6):1348\u201357.","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"10","key":"2468_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140018","volume":"10","author":"JJ Ren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ren JJ, Yu Z, Yang FL, Lv D, Hung S, Zhang J, et al. Effects of Bifidobacterium breve feeding strategy and delivery modes on experimental allergic rhinitis mice. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0140018.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.01.018","volume":"31","author":"D Bogaert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bogaert D, van Beveren GJ, de Koff EM, Lusarreta Parga P, Balcazar Lopez CE, Koppensteiner L, et al. Mother-to-infant microbiota transmission and infant microbiota development across multiple body sites. Cell Host Microbe. 2023;31(3):447-60.e6.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271151","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2271151","volume":"15","author":"LF Zachariassen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zachariassen LF, Ebert MBB, Mentzel CMJ, Deng L, Krych L, Nielsen DS, et al. Cesarean section induced dysbiosis promotes type 2 immunity but not oxazolone-induced dermatitis in mice. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(2):2271151.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2468_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax9929","author":"J Stokholm","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stokholm J, Thorsen J, Blaser MJ, Rasmussen MA, Hjelms\u00f8 M, Shah S, et al. Delivery mode and gut microbial changes correlate with an increased risk of childhood asthma. Sci Transl Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aax9929.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2468_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.121189","volume":"185","author":"MB Azad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Azad MB, Konya T, Maughan H, Guttman DS, Field CJ, Chari RS, et al. Gut microbiota of healthy Canadian infants: profiles by mode of delivery and infant diet at 4 months. CMAJ. 2013;185(5):385\u201394.","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2019.22.4.330","volume":"22","author":"B Hegar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hegar B, Wibowo Y, Basrowi RW, Ranuh RG, Sudarmo SM, Munasir Z, et al. The role of two human milk oligosaccharides, 2\u2032-fucosyllactose and lacto-N-neotetraose. Infant nutrition Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr. 2019;22(4):330\u201340.","journal-title":"Infant nutrition Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr"},{"issue":"12","key":"2468_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320005","volume":"69","author":"TS Rasmussen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rasmussen TS, Mentzel CMJ, Kot W, Castro-Mej\u00eda JL, Zuffa S, Swann JR, et al. Faecal virome transplantation decreases symptoms of type 2 diabetes and obesity in a murine model. Gut. 2020;69(12):2122\u201330.","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"8","key":"2468_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0152","volume":"9","author":"H Keinicke","year":"2020","unstructured":"Keinicke H, Sun G, Mentzel CMJ, Fredholm M, John LM, Andersen B, et al. FGF21 regulates hepatic metabolic pathways to improve steatosis and inflammation. Endocr Connect. 2020;9(8):755\u201368.","journal-title":"Endocr Connect"},{"key":"2468_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102795","volume":"127","author":"CHF Hansen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hansen CHF, Larsen CS, Zachariassen LF, Mentzel CMJ, Laigaard A, Krych L, et al. Gluten-free diet reduces autoimmune diabetes mellitus in mice across multiple generations in a microbiota-independent manner. J Autoimmun. 2022;127:102795.","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"issue":"4","key":"2468_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02796-6","volume":"61","author":"K Pigsborg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pigsborg K, G\u00fcrdeniz G, Rangel-Huerta OD, Holven KB, Dragsted LO, Ulven SM. Effects of changing from a diet with saturated fat to a diet with n-6 polyunsaturated fat on the serum metabolome in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors. Eur J Nutr. 2022;61(4):2079\u201389.","journal-title":"Eur J Nutr"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051437y","volume":"78","author":"CA Smith","year":"2006","unstructured":"Smith CA, Want EJ, O\u2019Maille G, Abagyan R, Siuzdak G. XCMS: processing mass spectrometry data for metabolite profiling using nonlinear peak alignment, matching, and identification. Anal Chem. 2006;78(3):779\u201387.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202450g","volume":"84","author":"C Kuhl","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kuhl C, Tautenhahn R, B\u00f6ttcher C, Larson TR, Neumann S. CAMERA: an integrated strategy for compound spectra extraction and annotation of liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry data sets. Anal Chem. 2012;84(1):283\u20139.","journal-title":"Anal Chem"},{"issue":"D1","key":"2468_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D622","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1062","volume":"50","author":"DS Wishart","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wishart DS, Guo A, Oler E, Wang F, Anjum A, Peters H, et al. HMDB 5.0: the Human Metabolome Database for 2022. Nucleic Acids Res. 2022;50(D1):D622\u201331.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"2468_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-744","volume":"85","author":"N Canibe","year":"2007","unstructured":"Canibe N, H\u00f8jberg O, Badsberg JH, Jensen BB. Effect of feeding fermented liquid feed and fermented grain on gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance in piglets. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(11):2959\u201371.","journal-title":"J Anim Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"2468_CR44","first-page":"4196","volume":"82","author":"V Mohamed-Ali","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mohamed-Ali V, Goodrick S, Rawesh A, Katz DR, Miles JM, Yudkin JS, et al. <article-title update=\"modified\" original=\"Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha, in vivo\">Subcutaneous adipose tissue releases interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1,in vivo1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(12):4196\u2013200.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"2468_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1197432","volume":"10","author":"LJ den Hartigh","year":"2023","unstructured":"den Hartigh LJ, May KS, Zhang XS, Chait A, Blaser MJ. Serum amyloid A and metabolic disease: evidence for a critical role in chronic inflammatory conditions. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023;10:1197432.","journal-title":"Front Cardiovasc Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.10.012","volume":"23","author":"S-J Kim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kim S-J, Choi Y, Choi Y-H, Park T. Obesity activates toll-like receptor-mediated proinflammatory signaling cascades in the adipose tissue of mice. J Nutr Biochem. 2012;23(2):113\u201322.","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2911","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23084-1","volume":"12","author":"CC Chan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chan CC, Harley ITW, Pfluger PT, Trompette A, Stankiewicz TE, Allen JL, et al. A BAFF\/APRIL axis regulates obesogenic diet-driven weight gain. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):2911.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3858\/emm.2009.41.3.024","volume":"41","author":"YH Kim","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kim YH, Choi BH, Cheon HG, Do MS. B cell activation factor (BAFF) is a novel adipokine that links obesity and inflammation. Exp Mol Med. 2009;41(3):208\u201316.","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.1.198","volume":"97","author":"B Nardelli","year":"2001","unstructured":"Nardelli B, Belvedere O, Roschke V, Moore PA, Olsen HS, Migone TS, et al. Synthesis and release of B-lymphocyte stimulator from myeloid cells. Blood. 2001;97(1):198\u2013204.","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2468_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2024.100793","volume":"139","author":"GJ Trusz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Trusz GJ. Fibroblast growth factor 21. Differentiation. 2024;139:100793.","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"11","key":"2468_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2001.95","volume":"9","author":"M Kolehmainen","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kolehmainen M, Vidal H, Alhava E, Uusitupa MI. Sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP-1c) expression in human obesity. Obes Res. 2001;9(11):706\u201312.","journal-title":"Obes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.76","volume":"39","author":"JM Gallego-Escuredo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Gallego-Escuredo JM, G\u00f3mez-Ambrosi J, Catalan V, Domingo P, Giralt M, Fr\u00fchbeck G, et al. Opposite alterations in FGF21 and FGF19 levels and disturbed expression of the receptor machinery for endocrine FGFs in obese patients. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(1):121\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2468_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosialou I, Shikhel S, Luo N, Petropoulou PI, Panitsas K, Bisikirska B, et al. Lipocalin-2 counteracts metabolic dysregulation in obesity and diabetes. J Exp Med. 2020;217(10):e20191261.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20191261"},{"key":"2468_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.087","volume":"195","author":"D Lin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lin D, Sun Q, Liu Z, Pan J, Zhu J, Wang S, et al. Gut microbiota and bile acids partially mediate the improvement of fibroblast growth factor 21 on methionine-choline-deficient diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease mice. Free Radic Biol Med. 2023;195:199\u2013218.","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"2468_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.773340","volume":"12","author":"X Long","year":"2021","unstructured":"Long X, Liu D, Gao Q, Ni J, Qian L, Ni Y, et al. Bifidobacterium adolescentis alleviates liver steatosis and steatohepatitis by increasing fibroblast growth factor 21 sensitivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:773340.","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2468_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111187","volume":"135","author":"L Wu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wu L, Yan Q, Chen F, Cao C, Wang S. Bupleuri radix extract ameliorates impaired lipid metabolism in high-fat diet-induced obese mice via gut microbia-mediated regulation of FGF21 signaling pathway. Biomed Pharmacother. 2021;135:111187.","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9749","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-28126-1","volume":"8","author":"BA Peters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peters BA, Shapiro JA, Church TR, Miller G, Trinh-Shevrin C, Yuen E, et al. A taxonomic signature of obesity in a large study of American adults. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9749.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5532","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84928-w","volume":"11","author":"V Palmas","year":"2021","unstructured":"Palmas V, Pisanu S, Madau V, Casula E, Deledda A, Cusano R, et al. Gut microbiota markers associated with obesity and overweight in Italian adults. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):5532.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"2468_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0255446","volume":"16","author":"M Duan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duan M, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Zou R, Guo M, Zheng H. Characteristics of gut microbiota in people with obesity. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0255446.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2019.07.004","volume":"26","author":"LB Thingholm","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thingholm LB, R\u00fchlemann MC, Koch M, Fuqua B, Laucke G, Boehm R, et al. Obese individuals with and without type 2 diabetes show different gut microbial functional capacity and composition. Cell Host Microbe. 2019;26(2):252-64.e10.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0178-9","volume":"2","author":"FF Anh\u00ea","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anh\u00ea FF, Jensen BAH, Varin TV, Servant F, Van Blerk S, Richard D, et al. Type 2 diabetes influences bacterial tissue compartmentalisation in human obesity. Nat Metab. 2020;2(3):233\u201342.","journal-title":"Nat Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR62","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"SM Lambeth","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lambeth SM, Carson T, Lowe J, Ramaraj T, Leff JW, Luo L, et al. Composition, diversity and abundance of gut microbiome in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Obes. 2015;2(3):1\u20137.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Obes"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.057","volume":"160","author":"J Aron-Wisnewsky","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aron-Wisnewsky J, Warmbrunn MV, Nieuwdorp M, Cl\u00e9ment K. Metabolism and metabolic disorders and the microbiome: the intestinal microbiota associated with obesity, lipid metabolism, and metabolic health-pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(2):573\u201399.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2468_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.153","volume":"39","author":"A Psichas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Psichas A, Sleeth ML, Murphy KG, Brooks L, Bewick GA, Hanyaloglu AC, et al. The short chain fatty acid propionate stimulates GLP-1 and PYY secretion via free fatty acid receptor 2 in rodents. Int J Obes (Lond). 2015;39(3):424\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"2468_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.03.007","volume":"11","author":"RE Kuhre","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuhre RE, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Larsen O, Jepsen SL, Balk-M\u00f8ller E, Andersen DB, et al. Bile acids are important direct and indirect regulators of the secretion of appetite- and metabolism-regulating hormones from the gut and pancreas. Mol Metab. 2018;11:84\u201395.","journal-title":"Mol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"2468_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.04.047","volume":"143","author":"AH Sam","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sam AH, Gunner DJ, King A, Persaud SJ, Brooks L, Hostomska K, et al. Selective ablation of peptide YY cells in adult mice reveals their role in beta cell survival. Gastroenterology. 2012;143(2):459\u201368.","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"2468_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.04.014","volume":"11","author":"HM Cox","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cox HM, Tough IR, Woolston AM, Zhang L, Nguyen AD, Sainsbury A, et al. Peptide YY is critical for acylethanolamine receptor Gpr119-induced activation of gastrointestinal mucosal responses. Cell Metab. 2010;11(6):532\u201342.","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"issue":"Pt 12","key":"2468_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.011858-0","volume":"59","author":"A Ueki","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ueki A, Abe K, Suzuki D, Kaku N, Watanabe K, Ueki K. Anaerosphaera aminiphila gen. nov., sp. nov., a glutamate-degrading, Gram-positive anaerobic coccus isolated from a methanogenic reactor treating cattle waste. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2009;59(Pt 12):3161\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2468_CR69","author":"T Ji","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ji T, Fang B, Zhang M, Liu Y. Succinate enhances lipolysis and decreases adipocytes size in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue from high-fat-diet-fed obese mice. 2023;12(23):4285."},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2023.2190300","volume":"15","author":"YH Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei YH, Ma X, Zhao JC, Wang XQ, Gao CQ. Succinate metabolism and its regulation of host-microbe interactions. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2190300.","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"5","key":"2468_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101564","volume":"5","author":"M Sangineto","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sangineto M, Ciarnelli M, Colangelo T, Moola A, Bukke VN, Duda L, et al. Monocyte bioenergetics: an immunometabolic perspective in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis. Cell Rep Med. 2024;5(5):101564.","journal-title":"Cell Rep Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"2468_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64703-z","volume":"10","author":"R Lundberg","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lundberg R, Toft MF, Metzdorff SB, Hansen CHF, Licht TR, Bahl MI, et al. Human microbiota-transplanted C57BL\/6 mice and offspring display reduced establishment of key bacteria and reduced immune stimulation compared to mouse microbiota-transplantation. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):7805.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"2468_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.04.014","volume":"19","author":"MC Arrieta","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arrieta MC, Walter J, Finlay BB. Human microbiota-associated mice: a model with challenges. Cell Host Microbe. 2016;19(5):575\u20138.","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2468_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42245","volume":"7","author":"R Lundberg","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lundberg R, Bahl MI, Licht TR, Toft MF, Hansen AK. Microbiota composition of simultaneously colonized mice housed under either a gnotobiotic isolator or individually ventilated cage regime. Sci Rep. 2017;7:42245.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Microbiome"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T14:22:36Z","timestamp":1792160556000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40168-026-02468-9","relation":{"references":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3390\/foods12234285","asserted-by":"subject"}]},"ISSN":["2049-2618"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-2618","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 January 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"233"}}