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However, the dynamics of the microbiome for diarrhoeal remission are not sufficiently understood, and effective intervention strategies based on environmental microorganisms have not been fully explored.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We investigated the metabolic structure associated with diarrhoeal remission using a combination of statistical, genomic, and proteomic approaches in a cattle model. Oral administration of the compost-derived thermophile\n                      <jats:italic>Caldifermentibacillus hisashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      significantly ameliorated persistent diarrhoea. Faecal bacterial populations and metabolites were characterised by a multi-step statistical pipeline comprising difference-in-differences (DID) analysis, Cliff's delta effect size estimation with permutation-based validation. The functional importance of the selected feature components was validated through genomic and proteomic analysis of\n                      <jats:italic>C. hisashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      N11 (AP028807.1).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Oral administration of\n                      <jats:italic>C. hisashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      significantly ameliorated persistent diarrhoea in calves. Although no significant differences in faecal bacterial community composition were observed, integrated analysis of faecal metabolites identified butyrate and 2-aminoisobutyrate (AIB) as the most discriminative features associated with diarrhoeal remission. Genomic and proteomic analyses of\n                      <jats:italic>C. hisashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      confirmed biosynthetic gene clusters for butyrate and AIB-containing lantibiotics, supporting the structural importance of these metabolites in diarrhoeal remission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings suggest that diarrhoeal remission observed in this study involves characteristic shifts in faecal metabolite profiles rather than marked changes in overall gut microbial community composition, highlighting a protective role of\n                      <jats:italic>C. hisashii<\/jats:italic>\n                      as an environmental probiotic against diarrhoeal dysbiosis through modulation of gut microbial metabolic output. This offers a perspective that bridges environmental microbiology and gut health within a One Health framework.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-026-02476-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T07:53:07Z","timestamp":1785916387000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gut-protective metabolic phenotype for diarrhoeal remission caused by an environmental probiotic thermophile"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hirokuni","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Suda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruki","family":"Yamano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yudai","family":"Inabu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Nakanishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shigeharu","family":"Moriya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Satoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamotsu","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chie","family":"Shindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoko","family":"Tsuji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makiko","family":"Matsuura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chitose","family":"Ishii","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teruno","family":"Nakaguma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuji","family":"Etoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuji","family":"Shiotsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Motoaki","family":"Udagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atsushi","family":"Kurotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenta","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Masuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Wada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Fukuda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hisashi","family":"Miyamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Kikuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahira","family":"Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Nishiuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naoki","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Ohno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2476_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(17)30276-1","volume":"17","author":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators","year":"2017","unstructured":"GBD Diarrhoeal Diseases Collaborators. 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