{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T02:40:00Z","timestamp":1782441600755,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466640000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51376102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51376102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project","award":["Z141100000514005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Z141100000514005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"NSFC","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["51376102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51376102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>We proposed a method of using electrical stimulation for treatment of malignant melanoma through directly spray\u2010printing liquid metal on skin as soft electrodes to deliver low intensity, intermediate frequency electric fields.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>With patterned conductive liquid metal components on mice skin and under assistance of a signal generator, a sine wave electrical power with voltage of 5 V and 300 kHz could be administrated on treating malignant melanoma tumor.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>The experiments demonstrated that tumor volume was significantly reduced compared with that of the control group. Under the designed parameters (signal: sine wave, signal amplitude Vpp: 5 V and Vpp: 4 V, frequency: 300 kHz) of Tumor treating fields (TTFields) with the sprayed liquid metal electrode, four mice tumor groups became diminishing after 1 week of treatment. The only device\u2010related side effect as seen was a mild to moderate contact dermatitis underneath the field delivering electrodes. The SEM images and pathological analysis demonstrated the targeted treating behavior of the malignant melanoma tumor. Further, thermal infrared imaging experiments indicated that there occur no evident heating effects in the course of treatment. Besides, the liquid metal is easy to remove through medical alcohol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tumor treating fields through liquid metal electrode could offer a safe, straightforward and effective treatment modality which evidently slows down tumor growth in vivo. These promising results also raised the possibility of applying spray\u2010printing TTFields as an easy going physical way for future cancer therapy.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-016-0102-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,23]],"date-time":"2016-06-23T20:48:39Z","timestamp":1466714919000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Electrical stimulation towards melanoma therapy via liquid metal printed electronics on skin"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100730 Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cangran","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University 100084 Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongshuai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology Peking Union Medical College Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100730 Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100021 Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xudong","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College 100021 Beijing People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University 100084 Beijing People's Republic of 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