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Of particular interest is the study of omega\u20103 and omega\u20106 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC\u2010PUFAs), notably EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 20:5n\u20103), DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n\u20103), and ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n\u20106), and their transformation into bioactive lipid mediators. In this sense, new families of PUFA\u2010derived lipid mediators, including resolvins derived from EPA and DHA, and protectins and maresins derived from DHA, are being increasingly investigated because of their active role in the \u201creturn to homeostasis\u201d process and resolution of inflammation. Recent findings reviewed in the present study highlight that the omega\u20106 fatty acid ARA appears increased, and omega\u20103 EPA and DHA decreased in most cancer tissues compared to normal ones, and that increments in omega\u20103 LC\u2010PUFAs consumption and an omega\u20106\/omega\u20103 ratio of 2\u20134:1, are associated with a reduced risk of breast, prostate, colon and renal cancers. Along with their lipid\u2010lowering properties, omega\u20103 LC\u2010PUFAs also exert cardioprotective functions, such as reducing platelet aggregation and inflammation, and controlling the presence of DHA in our body, especially in our liver and brain, which is crucial for optimal brain functionality. Considering that DHA is the principal omega\u20103 FA in cortical gray matter, the importance of DHA intake and its derived lipid mediators have been recently reported in patients with major depressive and bipolar disorders, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The present study reviews the relationships between major diseases occurring today in the Western world and LC\u2010PUFAs. More specifically this review focuses on the dietary omega\u20103 LC\u2010PUFAs and the omega\u20106\/omega\u20103 balance, in a wide range of inflammation disorders, including autoimmune diseases. This review suggests that the current recommendations of consumption and\/or supplementation of omega\u20103 FAs are specific to particular groups of age and physiological status, and still need more fine tuning for overall human health and well being.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-017-0153-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,27]],"date-time":"2017-07-27T07:25:45Z","timestamp":1501140345000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":480,"title":["Significance of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7288-8481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Z\u00e1rate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Canary Islands Cancer Research Institute (ICIC) Ave. La Trinidad 61, Torre A. 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