{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:25:09Z","timestamp":1783571109453,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"DIPG\/DMG Collaborative"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008221","name":"Cure Starts Now Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001171","name":"Cancer Institute NSW","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006641","name":"Cure Brain Cancer Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022712","name":"Mark Hughes Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022712","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Western Sydney Radiation Oncology Network"},{"name":"Westmead Charitable Trust"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100022713","name":"Charlie Teo Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100022713","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cancer Metab"],"DOI":"10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T08:02:49Z","timestamp":1761724969000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metabolic reprogramming in diffuse intrinsic pontine gliomas (DIPG): dual inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and lactate metabolism to enhance anti-tumor and radiosensitizing effects in DIPG cells"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Han","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quy-Susan","family":"Huynh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faiqa","family":"Mudassar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Gloss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prunella","family":"Ing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Gee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Hau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina M.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"411_CR1","first-page":"1231","volume":"23","author":"DN Louis","year":"2021","unstructured":"Louis DN, Perry A, Wesseling P, Brat DJ, Cree IA, Figarella-Branger D, et al. The 2021 WHO classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Neurooncology. 2021;23(8):1231\u201351.","journal-title":"Neurooncology"},{"issue":"4","key":"411_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2174\/156652409788167087","volume":"9","author":"S Rockwell","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rockwell S, Dobrucki IT, Kim EY, Marrison ST, Vu VT. Hypoxia and radiation therapy: past history, ongoing research, and future promise. Curr Mol Med. 2009;9(4):442\u201358.","journal-title":"Curr Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-020-01639-2","volume":"39","author":"H Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen H, Cook K, Gee HE, Hau E. Hypoxia, metabolism, and the circadian clock: new links to overcome radiation resistance in high-grade gliomas. J Experimental Clin Cancer Res. 2020;39(1):129.","journal-title":"J Experimental Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"411_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1007\/s11060-015-1726-0","volume":"122","author":"KW Yeom","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yeom KW, Lober RM, Nelson MD Jr., Panigrahy A, Bluml S. Citrate concentrations increase with hypoperfusion in pediatric diffuse intrinsic Pontine glioma. J Neurooncol. 2015;122(2):383\u20139.","journal-title":"J Neurooncol"},{"key":"411_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen H, Mudassar F, Ma S, Wang X, Nguyen S, Bal N et al. Inhibition of mitochondrial bioenergetics and hypoxia to radiosensitize diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma. Neuro-Oncology. 2024.","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noae255"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8983","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52973-4","volume":"15","author":"NE Mbah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mbah NE, Myers AL, Sajjakulnukit P, Chung C, Thompson JK, Hong HS, et al. Therapeutic targeting of differentiation-state dependent metabolic vulnerabilities in diffuse midline glioma. Nat Commun. 2024;15(1):8983.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"11","key":"411_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2970","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-20-3913","volume":"27","author":"DF Boreel","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boreel DF, Span PN, Heskamp S, Adema GJ, Bussink J. Targeting oxidative phosphorylation to increase the efficacy of Radio- and Immune-Combination therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27(11):2970\u20138.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"23","key":"411_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14276","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01013","volume":"63","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Xue D, Bankhead A III, Neamati N. Why all the fuss about oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS)? J Med Chem. 2020;63(23):14276\u2013307.","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"11","key":"411_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3070","volume":"24","author":"TM Ashton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ashton TM, McKenna WG, Kunz-Schughart LA, Higgins GS. Oxidative phosphorylation as an emerging target in cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2018;24(11):2482\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12308","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12308","volume":"7","author":"TM Ashton","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ashton TM, Fokas E, Kunz-Schughart LA, Folkes LK, Anbalagan S, Huether M, et al. The anti-malarial Atovaquone increases radiosensitivity by alleviating tumour hypoxia. Nat Commun. 2016;7(1):12308.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2019.06.009","volume":"26","author":"KG Roth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Roth KG, Mambetsariev I, Kulkarni P, Salgia R. The mitochondrion as an emerging therapeutic target in cancer. Trends Mol Med. 2020;26(1):119\u201334.","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108231","volume":"33","author":"KER Hollinshead","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hollinshead KER, Parker SJ, Eapen VV, Encarnacion-Rosado J, Sohn A, Oncu T, et al. Respiratory supercomplexes promote mitochondrial efficiency and growth in severely hypoxic pancreatic cancer. Cell Rep. 2020;33(1):108231.","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"411_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.019","volume":"76","author":"X Qian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Qian X, Li X, Shi Z, Bai X, Xia Y, Zheng Y, et al. KDM3A senses oxygen availability to regulate PGC-1\u03b1-Mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. Mol Cell. 2019;76(6):885\u2013. \u2013\u200995.e7.","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"411_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10769","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10769","volume":"5","author":"E Reznik","year":"2016","unstructured":"Reznik E, Miller ML, \u015eenbabao\u011flu Y, Riaz N, Sarungbam J, Tickoo SK, et al. Mitochondrial DNA copy number variation across human cancers. eLife. 2016;5:e10769.","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/noz140","volume":"22","author":"H Shen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Shen H, Yu M, Tsoli M, Chang C, Joshi S, Liu J, et al. Targeting reduced mitochondrial DNA quantity as a therapeutic approach in pediatric high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol. 2020;22(1):139\u201351.","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6380","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-63448-z","volume":"10","author":"M Frederick","year":"2020","unstructured":"Frederick M, Skinner HD, Kazi SA, Sikora AG, Sandulache VC. High expression of oxidative phosphorylation genes predicts improved survival in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck and lung. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):6380.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"411_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezwada D, Perelli L, Lesner NP, Cai L, Brooks B, Wu Z et al. Mitochondrial complex I promotes kidney cancer metastasis. Nature. 2024.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07812-3"},{"issue":"10","key":"411_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4399","volume":"23","author":"EM Kuntz","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kuntz EM, Baquero P, Michie AM, Dunn K, Tardito S, Holyoake TL, et al. Targeting mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation eradicates therapy-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia stem cells. Nat Med. 2017;23(10):1234\u201340.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"411_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-87-5-591","volume":"87","author":"RI Misbin","year":"1977","unstructured":"Misbin RI. Phenformin-associated lactic acidosis: pathogenesis and treatment. Ann Intern Med. 1977;87(5):591\u20135.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"411_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01263444","volume":"14","author":"D Luft","year":"1978","unstructured":"Luft D, Schmulling RM, Eggstein M. Lactic acidosis in biguanide-treated diabetics: a review of 330 cases. Diabetologia. 1978;14(2):75\u201387.","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"7","key":"411_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-018-0052-4","volume":"24","author":"JR Molina","year":"2018","unstructured":"Molina JR, Sun Y, Protopopova M, Gera S, Bandi M, Bristow C, et al. An inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation exploits cancer vulnerability. Nat Med. 2018;24(7):1036\u201346.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"411_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-02103-8","volume":"29","author":"TA Yap","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yap TA, Daver N, Mahendra M, Zhang J, Kamiya-Matsuoka C, Meric-Bernstam F, et al. Complex I inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation in advanced solid tumors and acute myeloid leukemia: phase I trials. Nat Med. 2023;29(1):115\u201326.","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"51","key":"411_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eads5466","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.ads5466","volume":"10","author":"CR Reczek","year":"2024","unstructured":"Reczek CR, Chakrabarty RP, D\u2019Alessandro KB, Sebo ZL, Grant RA, Gao P, et al. Metformin targets mitochondrial complex I to lower blood glucose levels. Sci Adv. 2024;10(51):eads5466.","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"411_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foretz M, Guigas B, Viollet B. Metformin: update on mechanisms of action and repurposing potential. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2023:1\u201317.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-023-00833-4"},{"key":"411_CR25","unstructured":"Holloway P, Alberti K, editors. Reversal of phenformin-induced hyperlactatemia by dichloroacetate in normal and diabetic rats. Diabetologia; 1975: SPRINGER VERLAG 175 FIFTH AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10010."},{"issue":"14","key":"411_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7265","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147265","volume":"22","author":"KM Cook","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cook KM, Shen H, McKelvey KJ, Gee HE, Hau E. Targeting glucose metabolism of cancer cells with Dichloroacetate to radiosensitize High-Grade gliomas. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(14):7265.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"411_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110682","volume":"70","author":"R Park","year":"1982","unstructured":"Park R, Arieff AI. Treatment of lactic acidosis with Dichloroacetate in dogs. J Clin Invest. 1982;70(4):853\u201362.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"411_CR28","first-page":"617","volume":"1846","author":"S Kankotia","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kankotia S, Stacpoole PW. Dichloroacetate and cancer: new home for an orphan drug? Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1846(2):617\u201329.","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"411_CR29","first-page":"555","volume":"29","author":"K Irsigler","year":"1979","unstructured":"Irsigler K, Brandle J, Kaspar L, Kritz H, Lageder H, Regal H. Treament of biguanide-induced lactic acidosis with dichloroacetate. 3 case histories. Arzneimittelforschung. 1979;29(3):555\u20139.","journal-title":"Arzneimittelforschung"},{"issue":"5","key":"411_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0095","volume":"2","author":"E Cerami","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cerami E, Gao J, Dogrusoz U, Gross BE, Sumer SO, Aksoy BA, et al. The cBio cancer genomics portal: an open platform for exploring multidimensional cancer genomics data. Cancer Discov. 2012;2(5):401\u20134.","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"issue":"269","key":"411_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pl1","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.2004088","volume":"6","author":"J Gao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gao J, Aksoy BA, Dogrusoz U, Dresdner G, Gross B, Sumer SO, et al. Integrative analysis of complex cancer genomics and clinical profiles using the cBioPortal. Sci Signal. 2013;6(269):pl1\u2013pl.","journal-title":"Sci Signal"},{"issue":"4","key":"411_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2023.03.007","volume":"41","author":"CX Sun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sun CX, Daniel P, Bradshaw G, Shi H, Loi M, Chew N, et al. Generation and multi-dimensional profiling of a childhood cancer cell line atlas defines new therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Cell. 2023;41(4):660\u2013e777.","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"411_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gang BP, Rooke M, Sun RC, Banskota S, Mishra S, Dahlstrom JE et al. Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression profile is a biomarker for cancer sensitivity to dichloroacetate-mediated growth Inhibition. BioRxiv. 2023:2023.09.18.557101.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.09.18.557101"},{"key":"411_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez C-A, Jiramongkol Y, Bal N, Alwis I, Nedoboy PE, Farnham MMJ et al. Intermittent hypoxia enhances the expression of hypoxia inducible factor HIF1A through histone demethylation. J Biol Chem. 2022;298(11).","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2022.102536"},{"key":"411_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4881","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S174535","volume":"10","author":"M Rao","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rao M, Gao C, Guo M, Law BYK, Xu Y. Effects of Metformin treatment on radiotherapy efficacy in patients with cancer and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Manag Res. 2018;10:4881\u201390.","journal-title":"Cancer Manag Res"},{"issue":"35","key":"411_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56456","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10919","volume":"7","author":"W Jiang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Jiang W, Finniss S, Cazacu S, Xiang C, Brodie Z, Mikkelsen T, et al. Repurposing phenformin for the targeting of glioma stem cells and the treatment of glioblastoma. Oncotarget. 2016;7(35):56456\u201370.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"411_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100930","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctro.2025.100930","volume":"52","author":"A Portillo EGd, Olivares-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Portillo EGd, Olivares-Hern\u00e1ndez A, Corral-Gudino L, F\u00e9lix LC, Hern\u00e1ndez LB, Dom\u00ednguez LP, et al. Evaluation of the effect of Metformin as a radiosensitiser in solid tumours: A systematic review. Clin Translational Radiation Oncol. 2025;52:100930.","journal-title":"Clin Translational Radiation Oncol"},{"issue":"24","key":"411_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6741","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-13-1787","volume":"19","author":"VE Zannella","year":"2013","unstructured":"Zannella VE, Dal Pra A, Muaddi H, McKee TD, Stapleton S, Sykes J, et al. Reprogramming metabolism with Metformin improves tumor oxygenation and radiotherapy response. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(24):6741\u201350.","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res"},{"issue":"35","key":"411_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37281","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.6134","volume":"6","author":"B Chaube","year":"2015","unstructured":"Chaube B, Malvi P, Singh SV, Mohammad N, Meena AS, Bhat MK. Targeting metabolic flexibility by simultaneously inhibiting respiratory complex I and lactate generation retards melanoma progression. Oncotarget. 2015;6(35):37281\u201399.","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"issue":"8","key":"411_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2021.03.001","volume":"7","author":"H Zhao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhao H, Swanson KD, Zheng B. Therapeutic repurposing of Biguanides in cancer. Trends Cancer. 2021;7(8):714\u201330.","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"issue":"6","key":"411_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-023-02204-2","volume":"128","author":"SR Lord","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lord SR, Harris AL. Is it still worth pursuing the repurposing of Metformin as a cancer therapeutic? Br J Cancer. 2023;128(6):958\u201366.","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"issue":"4","key":"411_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/1754-9485.13416","volume":"66","author":"F Mudassar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Mudassar F, Shen H, Cook KM, Hau E. Improving the synergistic combination of programmed death-1\/programmed death ligand-1 Blockade and radiotherapy by targeting the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2022;66(4):560\u201374.","journal-title":"J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol"},{"key":"411_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang J, Vitale T, Zhang X, Jackson TD, Yu D, Jedrychowski M et al. Selective deficiency of mitochondrial respiratory complex I subunits Ndufs4\/6 causes tumor immunogenicity. Nat Cancer. 2025.","DOI":"10.1038\/s43018-024-00895-x"}],"container-title":["Cancer &amp; Metabolism"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T08:02:59Z","timestamp":1761724979000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cancerandmetabolism.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["411"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40170-025-00411-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-3002"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-3002","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 February 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 October 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 October 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}