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This study aims to identify possible genetic factors that underlie various forms of tooth agenesis and to investigate the possible molecular mechanisms through which human dental pulp stem cells may play a role in this condition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Using whole-exome sequencing of a Han Chinese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, a rare mutation in <jats:italic>FGFR1<\/jats:italic> (NM_001174063.2: c.103G\u2009&gt;\u2009A, p.Gly35Arg) was identified as causative and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Via GeneMatcher, another family with a known variant (NM_001174063.2: c.1859G\u2009&gt;\u2009A, p.Arg620Gln) was identified and diagnosed with tooth agenesis and a rare genetic disorder with considerable intrafamilial variability. <jats:italic>Fgfr1<\/jats:italic> is enriched in the ectoderm during early embryonic development of mice and showed sustained low expression during normal embryonic development of <jats:italic>Xenopus laevis<\/jats:italic> frogs. Functional studies of the highly conserved missense variant c.103G\u2009&gt;\u2009A showed deleterious effects.  <jats:italic>FGFR1<\/jats:italic> (c.103G\u2009&gt;\u2009A) was overexpressed compared to wildtype and promoted proliferation while inhibiting apoptosis in HEK293 and human dental pulp stem cells. Moreover, the c.103G\u2009&gt;\u2009A variant was found to suppress the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The variant could downregulate ID4 expression and deactivate the TGF-beta signaling pathway by promoting the expression of SMAD6 and SMAD7.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our research broadens the mutation spectrum associated with tooth agenesis and enhances understanding of the underlying disease mechanisms of this condition.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40246-023-00539-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T13:02:22Z","timestamp":1697202142000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["FGFR1 variants contributed to families with tooth agenesis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Siyue","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengcheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Bartsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Vona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liwen","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongchu","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"539_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1177\/154405910808700715","volume":"87","author":"E Matalova","year":"2008","unstructured":"Matalova E, et al. 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