{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:47:17Z","timestamp":1780616837715,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal, UNDP\/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR) and the Canadian International Development Research Centre (IDRC)."}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-015-0076-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,23]],"date-time":"2015-10-23T17:57:46Z","timestamp":1445623066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Insecticide resistance in malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in Zimbabwe: a review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3588-6249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"White","family":"Soko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moses J.","family":"Chimbari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samson","family":"Mukaratirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"76_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tangpukdee N, Duangdee C, Wilairatana P, Krudsood S. Malaria diagnosis: a brief review. The Korean journal of parasitology. 2009; 47(2): 93-102.","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2009.47.2.93"},{"key":"76_CR2","unstructured":"WHO malaria report 2014. WHO,Geneva,2014."},{"key":"76_CR3","unstructured":"ZNSA. Women and Men in Zimbabwe Report 2012. 2012. http:\/\/www.zimstat.co.zw\/dmdocuments\/Gender\/Report2012.pdf . Accessed 22\/07\/2015."},{"key":"76_CR4","volume-title":"Zimbabwe Roll Back Consultative Mission (Reaping): Essential actions to support the attainment of the Abuja Targets","author":"S Midzi","year":"2004","unstructured":"Midzi S, Teveredzi V, Mudyiradima R, Chihanga S, Netsa M, Mugove A, et al. Zimbabwe Roll Back Consultative Mission (Reaping): Essential actions to support the attainment of the Abuja Targets. Harare: Roll Back Malaria; 2004."},{"key":"76_CR5","unstructured":"PMI. |Africa IRS (AIRS). Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four. In: 2013 Zimbabwe End-of-Spray Report. 2014. Bethesda, MD: PMI|Africa IRS (AIRS) Project Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS 2) Task Order Four, Abt Associates Inc; 2014."},{"key":"76_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90327-X","volume":"79","author":"SM Mpofu","year":"1985","unstructured":"Mpofu SM. Seasonal vector density and disease incidence patterns of malaria in an area of Zimbabwe. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1985;79:169\u201375.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"76_CR7","unstructured":"MoHCW. Zimbabwe National Malaria control Programme Strategy 2008\u20132013. Ministry of Health and Child Welfare Zimbabwe. 2014. http:\/\/www.rollbackmalaria.org\/files\/files\/countries\/zimbabwe2008-2013.pdf . Accessed 7 May 2015."},{"key":"76_CR8","volume-title":"Kadoma Debrief Meeting May 1990","author":"MJ Crees","year":"1990","unstructured":"Crees MJ. Kadoma Debrief Meeting May 1990. Blair Research Institute: Unpublished. Available at Blair Research Institute; 1990."},{"key":"76_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2003.10.009","volume":"14","author":"M Lieshout Van","year":"2004","unstructured":"Van Lieshout M, Kovats R, Livermore M, Martens P. Climate change and malaria: analysis of the SRES climate and socio-economic scenarios. Global Environmental Change. 2004;14:87\u201399.","journal-title":"Global Environmental Change"},{"key":"76_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)68079-3","volume":"367","author":"AJ McMichael","year":"2006","unstructured":"McMichael AJ, Woodruff RE, Hales S. Climate change and human health: present and future risks. Lancet. 2006;367:859\u201369.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"76_CR11","volume-title":"Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability","author":"Change IPOC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Change IPOC. Climate change 2007: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Su\u00ed\u00e7a: Genebra; 2001."},{"key":"76_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14898-2","volume":"362","author":"FC Tanser","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tanser FC, Sharp B, Le Sueur D. Potential effect of climate change on malaria transmission in Africa. Lancet. 2003;362:1792\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"76_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7380","volume":"113","author":"KL Ebi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ebi KL, Gamble JL. Summary of a workshop on the development of health models and scenarios: strategies for the future. Environ Health Perspect. 2005;113:335\u20138.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"76_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.95103458","volume":"103","author":"W Martens","year":"1995","unstructured":"Martens W, Niessen LW, Rotmans J, Jetten TH, McMichael AJ. Potential impact of global climate change on malaria risk. Environ Health Perspect. 1995;103:458.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"76_CR15","first-page":"259","volume-title":"WHO Global Malaria Programme","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO. WHO Malaria Report. In: Data WLC-i-P, editor. WHO Global Malaria Programme. Geneva: WHO; 2011. p. 259."},{"key":"76_CR16","first-page":"1","volume":"818","author":"WHO","year":"1992","unstructured":"WHO. Vector resistance to insecticides. 15th Report of the WHO Expert Committee on Vector Biology and Control. World Health Organization Technical Report Series. 1992;818:1\u201362.","journal-title":"World Health Organization Technical Report Series"},{"key":"76_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a017918","volume":"18","author":"DJ Krostad","year":"1996","unstructured":"Krostad DJ. Malaria as a reemerging disease. Epidemiol Rev. 1996;18:77\u201389.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"76_CR18","volume-title":"WHO\/HTM\/GMP\/20125","author":"WHO","year":"2012","unstructured":"WHO. Global Plan for Insecticide Resistance Management in Malaria Vectors (GPIRM). In: WHO\/HTM\/GMP\/20125. Geneva, Switzerland: Organization WHO; 2012."},{"key":"76_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.08.004","volume":"27","author":"H Ranson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ranson H, N\u2019Guessan R, Lines J, Moiroux N, Nkuni Z, Corbel V. Pyrethroid resistance in African anopheline mosquitoes: what are the implications for malaria control? Trends Parasitol. 2011;27:91\u20138.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"76_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibmb.2004.03.018","volume":"34","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ, McCarroll L, Ranson H. The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol. 2004;34:653\u201365.","journal-title":"Insect Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"76_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbel V, N\u2019Guessan R. Distribution, Mechanisms, Impact and Management of Insecticide Resistance in Malaria Vectors: A Pragmatic Review, Anopheles mosquitoes - New insights into malaria vectors. In: Manguin S, editor. ISBN: 978-953-51-1188-7, InTech, doi: 10.5772\/56117 ; 2013. Available from: http:\/\/www.intechopen.com\/books\/anopheles-mosquitoes-new-insights-into-malaria-vectors\/distribution-mechanisms-impact-and-management-of-insecticide-resistance-in-malaria-vectors-a-pragmat .","DOI":"10.5772\/56117"},{"key":"76_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1017\/S000748530001405X","volume":"74","author":"R Wood","year":"1984","unstructured":"Wood R, Pasteur N, Sinegre G. Carbamate and organophosphate resistance in Culex pipiens L. (Diptera: Culicidae) in southern France and the significance of Est-3A. Bull Entomol Res. 1984;74:677\u201387.","journal-title":"Bull Entomol Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"76_CR23","first-page":"497","volume":"8","author":"GA Livadas","year":"1953","unstructured":"Livadas GA, Georgopoulos G. Development of resistance to DDT by Anopheles sacharovi in Greece. Bull World Health Organ. 1953;8(4):497\u2013511.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"76_CR24","unstructured":"Brown AWA. Insecticide Resistance in Arthropods World Health Organization, Geneva. 1958."},{"key":"76_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/68.4.461","volume":"68","author":"G Georghiou","year":"1975","unstructured":"Georghiou G, Ariaratnam V, Pasternak M, Lin CS. Organophosphorus multiresistance in Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus in California. J Econ Entomol. 1975;68:461\u20137.","journal-title":"J Econ Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.45.1.371","volume":"45","author":"J Hemingway","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hemingway J, Ranson H. Insecticide resistance in insect vectors of human disease. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:371\u201391.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR27","first-page":"215","volume":"95","author":"M Coetzee","year":"1999","unstructured":"Coetzee M, Horne D, Brooke B, Hunt R. Ddt, Dieldrin And Pyrethroid Insecticide Resistance In African Malaria Vector Mosquitoes: An Historical Review And Implications For Future Malaria Co Ntrol In Southern Africa. S Afr J Sci. 1999;95:215\u20138.","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Sci"},{"key":"76_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-40.4.491","volume":"40","author":"J Etang","year":"2003","unstructured":"Etang J, Manga L, Chandre F, Guillet P, Fondjo E, et al. Insecticide susceptibility status of Anopheles gambiae sl (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Republic of Cameroon. J Med Entomol. 2003;40:491\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR29","first-page":"400","volume":"99","author":"M Coetzee","year":"2006","unstructured":"Coetzee M, Van Wyk P, Booman M, Koekemoer L, Hunt R. Entomologie M\u00c9DICALE. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2006;99:400\u20133.","journal-title":"Bull Soc Pathol Exot"},{"key":"76_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.008","volume":"102","author":"H Abdalla","year":"2008","unstructured":"Abdalla H, Matambo T, Koekemoer L, Mnzava A, Hunt R, Coetzee M. Insecticide susceptibility and vector status of natural populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102:263\u201371.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"76_CR31","unstructured":"Elissa N, Mouchet J, Rivi\u00e8re F, Meunier J-Y, Yao K. Resistance of Anopheles gambiae ss to pyrethroids in C\u00f4te d'Ivoire: Ann Soc Bel Med Trop. 1993;73(4):291-294."},{"key":"76_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2003.00418.x","volume":"17","author":"A Enayati","year":"2003","unstructured":"Enayati A, Vatandoost H, Ladonni H, Townson H, Hemingway J. Molecular evidence for a kdr\u2010like pyrethroid resistance mechanism in the malaria vector mosquito Anopheles stephensi. Med Vet Entomol. 2003;17:138\u201344.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh OP, Bali P, Hemingway J, Subbarao SK, Dash AP, Adak\u00a0 T. PCR-based methods for the detection of L1014 kdr mutation in Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato. Malar J. 2009;8:154.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-154"},{"key":"76_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabate A, Baldet T, Chandre F, Akoobeto M, Guiguemde TR, Darriet F, et al. The role\u00a0 of agricultural use of insecticides in resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae sl in Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2002;67:617\u201322.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.67.617"},{"key":"76_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vulule J, Beach R, Atieli F, Roberts J, Mount D, Mwangi R, et al. Reduced susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae to permethrin associated with the use of permethrin\u2010impregnated bednets and curtains in Kenya. Med Vet Entomol. 1994;8:71\u20135.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1994.tb00389.x"},{"key":"76_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hargreaves K, Koekemoer L, Brooke B, Hunt R, Mthembu J, Coetzee M, et al. Anopheles funestus resistant to pyrethroid insecticides in South Africa. Med Vet Entomol. 2000;14:181\u20139.","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2915.2000.00234.x"},{"key":"76_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-7-247","volume":"7","author":"G Munhenga","year":"2008","unstructured":"Munhenga G, Masendu HT, Brooke BD, Hunt RH, Koekemoer LK. Pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles arabiensis from Gwave, a malaria-endemic area in Zimbabwe. Malar J. 2008;7:247.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"76_CR38","unstructured":"Akogbeto M, Djouaka R, Noukpo H. Use of agricultural insecticides in Benin. Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique (1990). 2005;98:400\u20135."},{"key":"76_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-39.3.526","volume":"39","author":"J-M Hougard","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hougard J-M, Duchon S, Zaim M, Guillet P. Bifenthrin: a useful pyrethroid insecticide for treatment of mosquito nets. J Med Entomol. 2002;39:526\u201333.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0404.980410","volume":"4","author":"WG Brogdon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brogdon WG, McAllister JC. Insecticide resistance and vector control. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4:605.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"76_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S17","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(88)90083-X","volume":"4","author":"J Lines","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lines J. Do agricultural insecticides select for insecticide resistance in mosquitoes? A look at the evidence. Parasitol Today. 1988;4:S17\u201320.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"76_CR42","first-page":"45","volume":"22","author":"H Hamdan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hamdan H, Sofian-Azirun M, Nazni W, Lee H. Insecticide resistance development in Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse) larvae against malathion, permethrin and temephos. Trop Biomed. 2005;22:45\u201352.","journal-title":"Trop Biomed"},{"key":"76_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-010-2001-0","volume":"107","author":"K Raghavendra","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raghavendra K, Barik TK, Adak T. Development of larval thermotolerance and its impact on adult susceptibility to malathion insecticide and Plasmodium vivax infection in Anopheles stephensi. Parasitol Res. 2010;107:1291\u20137.","journal-title":"Parasitol Res"},{"key":"76_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2915.1996.tb00743.x","volume":"10","author":"NS Patil","year":"1996","unstructured":"Patil NS, Lole KS, Deobagkar DN. Adaptive larval thermotolerance and induced cross\u2010tolerance to propoxur insecticide in mosquitoes Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti. Med Vet Entomol. 1996;10:277\u201382.","journal-title":"Med Vet Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR45","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A Threat Decades in the Making","author":"WG Brogdon","year":"2014","unstructured":"Brogdon WG, Fiore A, Kachur SP, Slutsker L, Wirtz RA. Insecticide Resistance and Malaria. In: A Threat Decades in the Making. Washington, DC 20036: Centre for Strategic & International Studies; 2014. p. 1\u20136."},{"key":"76_CR46","unstructured":"Zahar AR. The vector bionomics in the epidemiology and control of malaria Part 1. In The WHO African Region and the Southern WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region World Health Organisation Geneva; 1985."},{"key":"76_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01263.x","volume":"9","author":"ML Mabaso","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mabaso ML, Sharp B, Lengeler C. Historical review of malarial control in southern African with emphasis on the use of indoor residual house\u2010spraying. Trop Med Int Health. 2004;9:846\u201356.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"76_CR48","volume-title":"Cytogenetics and Genetics of Vectors","author":"CA Green","year":"1982","unstructured":"Green CA. Malaria epidemiology and anopheline cytogenetics. In: Pal R, Kitzmiller JB, Kanda T, Pal R, Kitzmiller JB, Kanda T, editors. Cytogenetics and Genetics of Vectors. Amsterdam; OpenURL 21\u201329: Elsevier Biomedical; 1982."},{"key":"76_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.2.286","volume":"37","author":"V Manokore","year":"2000","unstructured":"Manokore V, Murahwa F, Chirebvu E. Absence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae sl (Diptera: Culicidae) after four decades of residual house spraying in Gokwe District, Zimbabwe. J Med Entomol. 2000;37:286\u20138.","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"76_CR50","unstructured":"Stockholm Convention. Report of stakeholders\u2019 Meeting to Review the Interim report to Establish a Global Partnership to Develop Alternatives to DDT, Geneva, 3-5 November 2008. Report No.UNEP\/POPS\/DDT-BP.1\/12, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, Geneva. 2008."},{"key":"76_CR51","first-page":"8","volume":"63","author":"R Phelps","year":"1986","unstructured":"Phelps R, Focardi S, Fossi C, Leonzio C, Renzoni A. Chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metal in crocodile eggs from Zimbabwe. Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association. 1986;63:8\u201315.","journal-title":"Transactions of the Zimbabwe Scientific Association"},{"key":"76_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knox TB, Juma EO, Ochomo EO, Pates Jamet H, Ndungo L, Chege P, et al. An online tool for mapping insecticide resistance in major Anopheles vectors of human malaria parasites and review of resistance status for the Afrotropical region. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:76.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-76"},{"key":"76_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sinka ME, Bangs MJ, Manguin S, Rubio-Palis Y, Chareonviriyaphap T, Coetzee M, et al. A global map of dominant malaria vectors. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:69.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-69"},{"key":"76_CR54","unstructured":"Masendu H, Hunt R, Koekemoer L, Brooke B, Govere J, Coetzee M, et al. Spatial and temporal distributions and insecticide susceptibility of malaria vectors in Zimbabwe. African entomology. 2005;13:25\u201334."},{"key":"76_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi KS, Christian R, Nardini L, Wood OR, Agubuzo E, Muleba M, et al. Insecticide resistance and role in malaria transmission of Anopheles funestus populations from Zambia and Zimbabwe. Parasites & vectors. 2014;7:464.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0464-z"},{"key":"76_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lukwa N, Sande S, Makuwaza A, Chiwade T, Netsa M, Asamoa K, et al. Nationwide assessment of insecticide susceptibility in Anopheles gambiae populations from Zimbabwe. Malar J. 2014;13:408.","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-408"},{"key":"76_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.103","volume":"70","author":"M Coetzee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Coetzee M. Distribution of the African malaria vectors of the Anopheles gambiae complex. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2004;70:103\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"76_CR58","unstructured":"Mpofu SM. DDT and its use in Zimbabwe. Zim. Sci.News. 1987,21:31-36."},{"key":"76_CR59","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Organochlorine pesticide residues in inland waters in Zimbabwe","author":"MF Zaranyika","year":"1996","unstructured":"Zaranyika MF, Makhubalo JM. Organochlorine pesticide residues in inland waters in Zimbabwe. Pesticides in Zimbabwe: Toxicity and Health Implications The University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare; 1996. p. 89\u2013106."},{"key":"76_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chikuni O, Nhachi C, Nyazema N, Polder A, Nafstad I, Skaare J, et al. Assessment of environmental pollution by PCBs, DDT and its metabolites using human milk of mothers in Zimbabwe. Sci Total Environ. 1997;199:183\u201390.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(97)05494-6"},{"key":"76_CR61","volume-title":"Anopheline Mosquitos in Southern Rhodesia 1926\u20131928","author":"H Leeson","year":"1931","unstructured":"Leeson H. Anopheline Mosquitos in Southern Rhodesia 1926\u20131928. Mem Lond Sch: Hyg trop Med; 1931."},{"key":"76_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebi KL, Hartman J, Chan N, Mcconnell J, Schlesinger M, Weyant J, et al. Climate suitability for stable malaria transmission in Zimbabwe under different climate change scenarios. Climatic Change. 2005;73:375\u201393.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-005-6875-2"},{"key":"76_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Komen KO, J Rautenbach, H Botai, J Adebayo. A Long-Run Relative Importance of Temperature as the Main Driver to Malaria Transmission in Limpopo Province, South Africa: A Simple Econometric Approach. EcoHealth; 2015;12:131-143. doi:10.1007\/s10393-014-0992-1.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-014-0992-1"},{"key":"76_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-072X-5-20","volume":"5","author":"ML Mabaso","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mabaso ML, Vounatsou P, Midzi S, Da Silva J, Smith T. Spatio-temporal analysis of the role of climate in inter-annual variation of malaria incidence in Zimbabwe. Int J Health Geogr. 2006;5:20.","journal-title":"Int J Health Geogr"},{"key":"76_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wondji CS, Coleman M, Kleinschmidt I, Mzilahowa T, Irving H, Ndula M, et al. Impact of pyrethroid resistance on operational malaria control in Malawi. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2012;109:19063\u201370.","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1217229109"},{"key":"76_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trape J-F, Tall A, Diagne N, Ndiath O, Ly AB, Faye J, et al. Malaria morbidity and pyrethroid resistance after the introduction of insecticide-treated bednets and artemisinin-based combination therapies: a longitudinal study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2011;11:925\u201332.","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70194-3"},{"key":"76_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-6-52","volume":"6","author":"BL Sharp","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sharp BL, Ridl FC, Govender D, Kuklinski J, Kleinschmidt I. Malaria vector control by indoor residual insecticide spraying on the tropical island of Bioko, Equatorial Guinea. Malar J. 2007;6:52.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"76_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chanda E, Hemingway J, Kleinschmidt I, Rehman AM, Ramdeen V, Phiri FN, et al. Insecticide resistance and the future of malaria control in Zambia. PLoS One. 2011;6:e24336.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024336"},{"key":"76_CR69","first-page":"339","volume":"66","author":"WG Brogdon","year":"1988","unstructured":"Brogdon WG, Beach RF, Stewart JM, Castanaza L. Microplate assay analysis of the distribution of organophosphate and carbamate resistance in Guatemalan Anopheles albimanus. Bull World Health Org. 1988;66:339.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"76_CR70","first-page":"159","volume":"14","author":"WG Brogdon","year":"1998","unstructured":"Brogdon WG, McAllister JC. Simplification of adult mosquito bioassays through use of time-mortality determinations in glass bottles. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1998;14:159\u201364.","journal-title":"J Am Mosq Control Assoc"},{"key":"76_CR71","volume-title":"DDT insecticide residues in Zimbabwean wildlife and their potential environmental impact","author":"P Matthiesen","year":"1985","unstructured":"Matthiesen P. DDT insecticide residues in Zimbabwean wildlife and their potential environmental impact. Zimbabwe: Zimbabwe Science News; 1985."},{"key":"76_CR72","volume-title":"Breaking the Pesticide Habit: Alternatives to 12 Hazardous Pesticides. International Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture","author":"T Gipps","year":"1987","unstructured":"Gipps T. Breaking the Pesticide Habit: Alternatives to 12 Hazardous Pesticides. International Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture. Malaysia: Penang: International Organization of Consumers Unions; 1987."},{"key":"76_CR73","unstructured":"Boonstoppel E, Mudyazvivi E. The case of making teaching and learning materials practical and locally relevant in Zimbabwe. SNV \u00a0Netherlands Development Organisation Case Studies. 2010;1-4."},{"key":"76_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-9697(94)90330-1","volume":"142","author":"M Zaranyika","year":"1994","unstructured":"Zaranyika M, Mambo E, Makhubalo J. Organochlorine pesticide residues in the sediments of selected river bays in Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe. Sci Total Environ. 1994;142:221\u20136.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"76_CR75","unstructured":"IPCC (2007) Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In: Parry M.L., Canziani O.F., Palutikof J.P., van der Linden P.J., Hansoni C.E., editors. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"76_CR76","first-page":"1136","volume":"78","author":"AK Githeko","year":"2000","unstructured":"Githeko AK, Lindsay SW, Confalonieri UE, Patz JA. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bull World Health Org. 2000;78:1136\u201347.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"76_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)09964-6","volume":"360","author":"S Hales","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hales S, De Wet N, Maindonald J, Woodward A. Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever: an empirical model. Lancet. 2002;360:830\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"76_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.98106147","volume":"106","author":"JA Patz","year":"1998","unstructured":"Patz JA, Martens W, Focks DA, Jetten TH. Dengue fever epidemic potential as projected by general circulation models of global climate change. Environ Health Perspect. 1998;106:147.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"76_CR79","unstructured":"Patz JA, Githeko AK, McCarty JP, McCarty P, Hussein S, Confaloniera U, et al. Climate change and infectious diseases. Climate Change and Human Health: Risks and Responses. Geneva, Switz: World Health Organization; 2003. p.103\u201332."},{"key":"76_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/148.2.793","volume":"148","author":"G Yan","year":"1998","unstructured":"Yan G, Chadee DD, Severson DW. Evidence for genetic hitchhiking effect associated with insecticide resistance in Aedes aegypti. Genetics. 1998;148:793\u2013800.","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"76_CR81","first-page":"117","volume":"61","author":"AG Imasheva","year":"1997","unstructured":"Imasheva AG, Loeschcke V, Zhivotovsky LA, Lazebny OE. Effects of extreme temperatures on phenotypic variation and developmental stability in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila buzzatii. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. 1997;61:117\u201326.","journal-title":"Biological Journal of the Linnean Society"},{"key":"76_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1590\/S1020-49892012000700001","volume":"32","author":"KA Polson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Polson KA, Brogdon WG, Rawlins SC, Chadee DD. Impact of environmental temperatures on resistance to organophosphate insecticides in Aedes aegypti from Trinidad. Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica. 2012;32:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Revista Panamericana de Salud P\u00fablica"},{"key":"76_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14509","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.241391498","volume":"98","author":"WE Bradshaw","year":"2001","unstructured":"Bradshaw WE, Holzapfel CM. Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2001;98:14509\u201311.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"key":"76_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-8-299","volume":"8","author":"H Ranson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ranson H, Abdallah H, Badolo A, Guelbeogo WM, Kerah-Hinzoumb\u00e9 C, et al. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. Malar J. 2009;8:299.","journal-title":"Malar J"},{"key":"76_CR85","unstructured":"USAID C. PRESIDENT\u2019S MALARIA INITIATIVE Zimbabwe Malaria Operational Plan FY (2015) http:\/\/www.pmi.gov\/docs\/default-source\/default-document-library\/malaria-operational-plans\/fy-15\/fy-2015-zimbabwe-malaria-operational-plan.pdf?sfvrsn=3 . Accessed 5 June 2015."},{"key":"76_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(08)70045-8","volume":"8","author":"L Kelly-Hope","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kelly-Hope L, Ranson H, Hemingway J. Lessons from the past: managing insecticide resistance in malaria control and eradication programmes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:387\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"76_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kabula B, Tungu P, Matowo J, Kitau J, Mweya C, Emidi B, et al. Susceptibility status of malaria vectors to insecticides commonly used for malaria control in Tanzania. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 2012;17:742\u201350.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2012.02986.x"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-015-0076-7","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,24]],"date-time":"2022-05-24T00:56:08Z","timestamp":1653353768000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.idpjournal.com\/content\/4\/1\/46"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"references-count":87,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["76"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-015-0076-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"article-number":"46"}}