{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T05:30:21Z","timestamp":1790400621433,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]],"date-time":"2018-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1521676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"H2020 European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["671055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["671055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VLIRUOS"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,4]],"date-time":"2018-04-04T01:08:44Z","timestamp":1522804124000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Report of the first international workshop on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1919-1340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Colebunders","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Mandro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfred K.","family":"Njamnshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Boussinesq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An","family":"Hotterbeekx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Kamgno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"O\u2019Neill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Hopkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Suykerbuyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria-Gloria","family":"Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rory J.","family":"Post","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bel\u00e9n","family":"Pedrique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Marie","family":"Preux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilma A.","family":"Stolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas B.","family":"Nutman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Idro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9420","key":"400_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16151-5","volume":"363","author":"MP Little","year":"2004","unstructured":"Little MP, Breitling LP, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG, Alley ES, Boatin BA. Association between microfilarial load and excess mortality in onchocerciasis: an epidemiological study. Lancet. 2004;363(9420):1514\u201321.","journal-title":"Lancet."},{"issue":"3","key":"400_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001578","volume":"6","author":"M Walker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Walker M, Little MP, Wagner KS, Soumbey-Alley EW, Boatin BA, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG. Density-dependent mortality of the human host in onchocerciasis: relationships between microfilarial load and excess mortality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(3):e1578.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"400_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(02)00014-X","volume":"4","author":"J Satoguina","year":"2002","unstructured":"Satoguina J, Mempel M, Larbi J, Badusche M, L\u00f6liger C, Adjei O, et al. Antigenspecific T regulatory-1 cells are associated with immunosuppression in a chronic helminth infection (onchocerciasis). Microbes Infect. 2002;4:1291\u2013300.","journal-title":"Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"4","key":"400_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1086\/515661","volume":"178","author":"PJ Cooper","year":"1998","unstructured":"Cooper PJ, Espinel I, Paredes W, Guderian RH, Nutman TB. (1998) Impaired tetanus-specific cellular and humoral responses following tetanus vaccination in human onchocerciasis: a possible role for interleukin-10. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(4):1133\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR5","first-page":"554","volume":"69","author":"E Ovuga","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ovuga E, Kipp W, Mungherera M, Kasoro S. Epilepsy and retarded growth in a hyperendemic focus of onchocerciasis in rural western Uganda. East Afr Med J. 1992;69(10):554\u20136.","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"400_CR6","first-page":"11","volume":"1","author":"SG Casis","year":"1938","unstructured":"Casis SG. El sindrome epil\u00e9ptico y sus relaciones con la oncocercosis. Bol Salubr Hig (Mex). 1938;1:11\u201331.","journal-title":"Bol Salubr Hig (Mex)."},{"issue":"8890","key":"400_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)90980-6","volume":"343","author":"W Kipp","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kipp W, Kasoro S, Burnham G. Onchocerciasis and epilepsy in Uganda. Lancet. 1994;343(8890):183\u20134.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"400_CR8","first-page":"361","volume":"74","author":"C Kaiser","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kaiser C, Kipp W, Asaba G, Mugisa C, Kabagambe G, Rating D, et al. The prevalence of epilepsy follows the distribution of onchocerciasis in a west Ugandan focus. Bull World Health Organ. 1996;74(4):361\u20137.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ."},{"issue":"6","key":"400_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000461","volume":"3","author":"SDS Pion","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pion SDS, Kaiser C, Boutros-Toni F, Cournil A, Taylor MM, Meredith SE, et al. Epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based surveys. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(6):e461.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"400_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(02)90433-5","volume":"96","author":"M Boussinesq","year":"2002","unstructured":"Boussinesq M, Pion SDS, Ngangue D, Kamgno J. Relationship between onchocerciasis and epilepsy: a matched case-control study in the Mbam Valley, Republic of Cameroon. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2002;96(5):537\u201341.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"3","key":"400_CR11","first-page":"242","volume":"12","author":"JK Tumwine","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tumwine JK, Vandemaele K, Chungong S, Richer M, Anker M. Ayana Y, et al Clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of nodding syndrome in Mundri County, southern Sudan. Afr Health Sci. 2012;12(3):242\u20138.","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"400_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401","volume":"19","author":"SF Dowell","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dowell SF, Sejvar JJ, Riek L, Vandemaele KA, Lamunu M, Kuesel AC, et al. Nodding syndrome. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013;19(9):1374\u201384.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"400_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066419","volume":"8","author":"JL Foltz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Foltz JL, Makumbi I, Sejvar JJ, Malimbo M, Ndyomugyenyi R, Atai-Omoruto AD, et al. An epidemiologic investigation of potential risk factors for nodding syndrome in Kitgum District. Uganda. PLoS One. 2013;8(6):e66419.","journal-title":"Uganda. PLoS One."},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003880","volume":"9","author":"JF Wamala","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wamala JF, Malimbo M, Tepage F, Lukwago L, Okot CL, Cannon RO, et al. Nodding syndrome may be only the ears of the hippo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015;9(8):e0003880.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"400_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12054","volume":"2","author":"R Colebunders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colebunders R, Njamnshi AK, van Oijen M, Mukendi D, Kashama JM, Mandro M, et al. Onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: from recent epidemiological and clinical findings to policy implications. Epilepsia Open. 2017;2:144\u201352.","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open."},{"issue":"7","key":"400_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005732","volume":"11","author":"B Levick","year":"2017","unstructured":"Levick B, Laudisoit A, Tepage F, Ensoy-Musoro C, Mandro M, Bonareri Osoro C, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11(7):e0005732.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"400_CR17","unstructured":"Njamnshi AK, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC, Tabah EN, Ngarka L,Chokote E, Nfor LN, et al. Age shift of persons with epilepsy in Bilomo, Cameroon, following ivermectin mass drug administration for onchocerciasis. In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. 12-14 October 2017, Antwerp, Belgium. [Abstract 17]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                   (Accessed 21 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"400_CR18","unstructured":"Boull\u00e9 C, Njamnshi AK, Dema F, Mengnjo M, Siewe J, Tatah GY et al. Epilepsy prevalence and cohort age shift: evidence for the benefit of ivermectin mass drug administration on onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy in the Mbam Valley, Cameroon. In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy, 12-14 October 2017, Antwerp, Belgium Abstract 16. 2017 [Abstract 16]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                   (Accessed 21 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"400_CR19","unstructured":"Mmbando BP, Mnacho M, Makunde M, Kakorozya A, Matuja W, Greter H, et al. High prevalence of epilepsy and onchocerciasis after 20 years of ivermectin use in four villages of the Mahenge area in Tanzania In: 10th European Conference on Tropical Medicine and International Health, 16-20 October 2017, Antwerp, Belgium. [Abstract 3OS5.4]. Available: \n                    http:\/\/www.ectmih2017.be\/site\/assets\/files\/1014\/abstracts_organised_sessions-1.pdf\n                    \n                   (Accessed 21 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"400_CR20","unstructured":"Mbonye MK, Opar BT, Gumisiriza N, Lawko T, Makumbi I, Idro R et al. Prevalence and annual incidence of nodding syndrome and other forms of epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic areas in northern Uganda. In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy 12-14 October 2017, Antwerp, Belgium. [Abstract 24]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                   (Accessed 21 Dec 2017)."},{"key":"400_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1993-7","volume":"9","author":"R Colebunders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colebunders R, Hendy A, Mokili JL, Wamala JF, Kaducu J, Kur L, et al. Nodding syndrome and epilepsy in onchocerciasis endemic regions: comparing preliminary observations from South Sudan and the Democratic Republic of the Congo with data from Uganda. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:182.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"issue":"10","key":"400_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70114-0","volume":"13","author":"A Ba-Diop","year":"2014","unstructured":"Ba-Diop A, Marin B, Druet-Cabanac M, Ngoungou EB, Newton CR, Preux PM. Epidemiology, causes, and treatment of epilepsy in sub-Saharan Africa. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13(10):1029\u201344.","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"400_CR23","unstructured":"Chesnais CB, Njamnshi AK, Zoung-Kanyi Bissek AC, Tatah GY, Nana-Djeunga HC, Kamgno J et al. First evidence by a cohort study in Cameroon that onchocerciasis does induce epilepsy In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. 12-14 October 2017, Antwerp, Belgium. [Abstract 15]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                   (Accessed 21 Dec 2017)."},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2006.06.003","volume":"101","author":"C Kaiser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kaiser C, Asaba G, Kasoro S, Rubaale T, Kabagambe G, Mbabazi M. Mortality from epilepsy in an onchocerciasis-endemic area in West Uganda. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2007;101(1):48\u201355.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"400_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1996.54.80","volume":"54","author":"W Kipp","year":"1996","unstructured":"Kipp W, Burnham G, Bamuhiiga J, Leichsenring M. The Nakalanga syndrome in Kabarole District, Western Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1996;54(1):80\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"400_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1159-9","volume":"8","author":"WA Stolk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stolk WA, Walker M, Coffeng LE, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG, de Vlas SJ. Required duration of mass ivermectin treatment for onchocerciasis elimination in Africa: a comparative modelling analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:552.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors."},{"key":"400_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.05.018","volume":"49","author":"R Colebunders","year":"2016","unstructured":"Colebunders R, Mandro M, Mokili JL, Mucinya G, Mambandu G, Pfarr K, et al. Risk factors for epilepsy in Bas-Uele Province, Democratic Republic of the Congo: a case-control study. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;49:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.7186","volume":"6","author":"R Colebunders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Colebunders R, Mandro M, Mukendi D, Dolo H, Suykerbuyk P, Van Oijen M. Ivermectin treatment in patients with onchocerciasis-associated epilepsy: protocol of a randomized clinical trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(8):e137.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc."},{"issue":"8","key":"400_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu1152","volume":"60","author":"M Walker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Walker M, Specht S, Churcher TS, Hoerauf A, Taylor MJ, Bas\u00e1\u00f1ez MG. Therapeutic efficacy and macrofilaricidal activity of doxycycline for the treatment of river blindness. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(8):1199\u2013207.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis."},{"key":"400_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.03.002","volume":"45","author":"R Idro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Idro R, Opar B, Wamala J, Abbo C, Onzivua S, Mwaka DA, et al. Is nodding syndrome an Onchocerca volvulus-induced neuroinflammatory disorder? Uganda's story of research in understanding the disease. Int J Infect Dis. 2016;45:112\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis."},{"key":"400_CR31","unstructured":"Ogwang R, Odongkara SP, Torach R, Marsh K, Idro R. Assymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum malaria and seizure control in childre and adolescents with nodding syndrome. In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy, 12-14 October, Antwerp, Belgium. [Abstract 10]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 21 Dec 2017."},{"key":"400_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Johnson TP, Tyagi R, Lee PR, Lee MH, Johnson KR, Kowalak J, Elkahloun A, Medynets M, Hategan A, Kubofcik J, Sejvar J, Ratto J, Bunga S, Makumbi I, Aceng JR, Nutman TB, Dowell SF, Nath A. Nodding syndrome may be an autoimmune reaction to the parasitic worm Onchocerca volvulus. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9(377). \n                    https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6953\n                    \n                  .","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaf6953"},{"key":"400_CR33","unstructured":"Irani JN, Ronse M, Rujumba J, Njamnshi A, Mwaka A, Idro R, et al. The gendered burden of nodding syndrome in Cameroon, Tanzania and Uganda. In: 1st International Workshop on Onchocerciasis-Associated Epilepsy. 12-14 October 2017 Antwerp, Belgium [Abstract 19]. Available: \n                    https:\/\/www.uantwerpen.be\/images\/uantwerpen\/container42952\/files\/20171023%20Programma%20boekje%20FINAL.pdf\n                    \n                  . Accessed 21 Dec 2017."}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,21]],"date-time":"2019-03-21T20:36:02Z","timestamp":1553200562000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,12]]}},"alternative-id":["400"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-018-0400-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 December 2017","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 March 2018","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 March 2018","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interest"}},{"value":"All research projects mentioned in the manuscript received approval from the respective national ethics review committees and informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"23"}}