{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T06:33:23Z","timestamp":1776321203420,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1565136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2016YFC1202000, 2016YFC1202002, 2016YFC1202003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFC1202000, 2016YFC1202002, 2016YFC1202003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]],"date-time":"2019-08-07T00:02:40Z","timestamp":1565136160000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Lessons from lymphatic filariasis elimination and the challenges of post-elimination surveillance in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Yuan","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"578_CR1","volume-title":"Monitoring and Epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes","author":"WHO","year":"2011","unstructured":"WHO. Monitoring and Epidemiological assessment of mass drug administration in the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: a manual for national elimination programmes. Genava: WHO; 2011."},{"key":"578_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-009-0005-4","volume":"33","author":"KP Paily","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paily KP, Hoti SL, Das PK. A review of the complexity of biology of lymphatic filarial parasites. J Parasit Dis. 2009;33:3\u201312.","journal-title":"J Parasit Dis"},{"key":"578_CR3","first-page":"149","volume":"76","author":"WHO","year":"2001","unstructured":"WHO. Lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2001;76:149\u201356.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol Rec"},{"key":"578_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001366","volume":"5","author":"L Zeldenryk","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zeldenryk L, Gray M, Speare R, Gordon S, Melrose W. The emerging story of disability associated with lymphatic filariasis: a critical review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1366.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"578_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2883-2-13","volume":"2","author":"D Molyneux","year":"2003","unstructured":"Molyneux D. Lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis) elimination: a public health success and development opportunity. Filaria J. 2003;2:13.","journal-title":"Filaria J"},{"key":"578_CR6","volume-title":"Guildeline: Alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis","author":"WHO","year":"2017","unstructured":"WHO. Guildeline: Alternative mass drug administration regimens to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Geneva: WHO; 2017."},{"key":"578_CR7","first-page":"RR","volume":"42","author":"U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1993","unstructured":"U.S. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Recomendations of the international task force for disease eradication. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1993;42:RR\u201316.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"578_CR8","unstructured":"WHO. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem. In: WHO, editor. Hbk Res. Geneva: WHO; 1997. p. 1.16.3.3-7.1.3."},{"key":"578_CR9","volume-title":"Preparing and implementing a national plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (in areas where onchocerciasis is not co-endemic)","author":"WHO","year":"2000","unstructured":"WHO. Preparing and implementing a national plan to eliminate lymphatic filariasis (in areas where onchocerciasis is not co-endemic). Geneva: WHO; 2000."},{"key":"578_CR10","first-page":"935","volume":"38","author":"NG Hairston","year":"1968","unstructured":"Hairston NG, Meillon BD. On the inefficiency of transmission of Wuchereria bancrofti from mosquito to human host. Bull World Health Organ. 1968;38:935\u201341.","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"578_CR11","volume-title":"Lymphatic filariasis: A handbook for practical entomology for national lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes","author":"WHO","year":"2013","unstructured":"WHO. Lymphatic filariasis: A handbook for practical entomology for national lymphatic filariasis elimination programmes. Geneva: WHO; 2013."},{"key":"578_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-4160-4390-4.00110-7","volume-title":"Hunter\u2019s tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease","author":"LM Fox","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fox LM, King CL. Lymphatic filariasis. In: Magill AJ, Hill DR, Solomon T, Ryan ET, editors. Hunter\u2019s tropical medicine and emerging infectious disease. 9th ed. New York: Elsevier Inc; 2013. p. 815\u201322.","edition":"9"},{"key":"578_CR13","first-page":"81","volume":"13","author":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research MOPH","year":"1995","unstructured":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research MOPH. A great success in lymphatic filariasis control in China. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 1995;13:81\u20135.","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis."},{"key":"578_CR14","volume-title":"Lymphatic filariasis","author":"WHO","year":"2018","unstructured":"WHO. Lymphatic filariasis. 2018. \n                    http:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/lymphatic-filariasis\n                    \n                  . Accessed June 6, 2019."},{"key":"578_CR15","unstructured":"WHO. Summary of global update on preventive chemotherapy implementation in 2016: crossing the billion. Wkly Epidemio Rec. 2017;40:589\u2013608."},{"key":"578_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0202","volume":"89","author":"MP Rebollo","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rebollo MP, Bockarie MJ. Rapid diagnostics for the endgame in lymphatic filariasis elimination. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:3\u20134.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"578_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004590","volume":"10","author":"DK De Souza","year":"2016","unstructured":"De Souza DK, Yirenkyi E, Otchere J, Biritwum N, Ameme D, Sackey S, et al. Assessing lymphatic filariasis data quality in endemic communities in Ghana, using the neglected tropical diseases data quality assessment tool for preventive chemotherapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004590.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"578_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00292-2","volume":"4","author":"MJ Bockarie","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bockarie MJ, Rebollo MP. Reducing the population requiring interventions against lymphatic filariasis in Africa. Lancet Glob Health. 2016;4:e154\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"578_CR19","first-page":"489","volume":"90","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. Global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis: progress report, 2014. Wkly Epidemio Rec. 2015;90:489\u2013504.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemio Rec."},{"key":"578_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.09.009","volume":"33","author":"MP Rebollo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rebollo MP, Bockarie MJ. Can lymphatic filariasis be eliminated by 2020? Trends Parasitol. 2017;33:83\u201392.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"578_CR21","first-page":"358","volume":"79","author":"WHO","year":"2004","unstructured":"WHO. Report on the mid-term assessment of microfilaraemia reducton in sentinel sites of 13 countries of the global programme to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Wkly Epidemio Rec. 2004;79:358\u201367.","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemio Rec"},{"key":"578_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001984","volume":"7","author":"WA Stolk","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stolk WA, Bosch QAT, De Vlas SJ, Fischer PU, Weil GJ, et al. Modeling the impact and costs of semiannual mass drug administration for accelerated elimination of lymphatic filariasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e1984.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"578_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090626","volume":"54","author":"M Bockarie","year":"2009","unstructured":"Bockarie M, Pedersen EM, White GB, Michael E. Role of vector control in the global program to eliminate lymphatic filariasis. Annu Rev Entomol. 2009;54:469\u201387.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"578_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.2147\/RRTM.S125204","volume":"9","author":"JO Gyapong","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gyapong JO, Owusu IO, da-Costa Vroom FB, Mensah EO, Gyapong M. Elimination of lymphatic filariasis: current perspectives on mass drug administration. Res Rep Trop Med. 2018;9:25\u201333.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"578_CR25","first-page":"446","volume":"104","author":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research, MOPH","year":"1991","unstructured":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research, MOPH. Major achievements and experience in filariasis control in the People's Republic of China. Chin Med J. 1991;104:446\u201353 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin Med J"},{"key":"578_CR26","first-page":"369","volume":"23","author":"D Sun","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sun D, Chen P. Filariasis surveillance at the post-control stage in China. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1992;23:369\u201376.","journal-title":"Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health"},{"key":"578_CR27","volume-title":"Manual of lymphatic filariasis control. Fujian","author":"Z Shi","year":"1984","unstructured":"Shi Z, Liu X, Zong C, Sun D, Li Z, Li X, et al. Manual of lymphatic filariasis control. Fujian. China: Fujian Science and Technology Press; 1984. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"578_CR28","first-page":"5","volume":"1","author":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research, MOPH","year":"1983","unstructured":"National Technical Steering Group for filariasis control and research, MOPH. Current status of prevalence and control of filariasis in the People's Republic of China. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 1983;1:5\u201310 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis"},{"key":"578_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-9957-2-30","volume":"2","author":"D Sun","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sun D, Deng X, Duan J. The history of the elimination of lymphatic filariasis in China. Infect Dis Poverty. 2013;2:30.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"578_CR30","first-page":"89","volume":"5","author":"Z Shi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Shi Z, Yuan Y, Sun J, Zeng X, Shi H, et al. Estimation of some entomological parameters in relation to the transmission of bancroftian filariasis. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 1987;5:89\u201392 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis"},{"key":"578_CR31","volume-title":"Control of lymphatic filariasis in China","author":"W Zhao","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zhao W, Shi Z, Xu S, Zhong C, Zhang B. Control of lymphatic filariasis in China. Geneva, Swizerland: WHO; 2003."},{"key":"578_CR32","first-page":"99","volume":"6","author":"Z Shi","year":"1988","unstructured":"Shi Z, Yuan Y, Sun J, Li Z, Zheng X. Study on the role of the low density microfilariemia cases in the transmission of filariasis in late stage of filariasis control. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 1988;6:99\u2013102 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis."},{"key":"578_CR33","first-page":"1","volume":"12","author":"Collaborating Research Group on the Transmission Threshold of Filariasis","year":"1994","unstructured":"Collaborating Research Group on the Transmission Threshold of Filariasis. Study on the transmission threshold of filariasis. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 1994;12:1\u20136 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis"},{"key":"578_CR34","first-page":"111","volume":"19","author":"Z Shi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Shi Z, Sun D, Wang Z, Tao Z, Pan S, Liu X, et al. A brief introduction to the research achievement on the strategy and technical measures for interrupting the transmission of lymphatic filariasis in China. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2001;19:111\u20132.","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis."},{"key":"578_CR35","first-page":"404","volume":"26","author":"X Li","year":"2008","unstructured":"Li X, Yang Y, Huang K, Xu H, Xie Z, Mai F, et al. Discovery of a residual focus of bancroftian filariasis after declaration of its transmission interruption in Guangxi. Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis. 2008;26:404\u20138 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Parasitol Parasit Dis."},{"key":"578_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2000.62.502","volume":"62","author":"A Schuetz","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schuetz A, Addiss DG, Eberhard ML, Lammie PJ. Evaluation of the whole blood filariasis ICT test for short-term monitoring after antifilarial treatment. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2000;62:502\u20133.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"578_CR37","volume-title":"Transmission assessment survey sample builder","author":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center","year":"2018","unstructured":"Neglected Tropical Diseases Support Center. Transmission assessment survey sample builder. 2018. \n                    https:\/\/www.ntdsupport.org\/resources\/transmission-assessment-survey-sample-builder\n                    \n                  . Accessed June 6, 2019."},{"key":"578_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.13-0089","volume":"89","author":"GJ Weil","year":"2013","unstructured":"Weil GJ, Curtis KC, Fakoli L, Fischer K, Gankpala L, Lammie PJ, et al. Laboratory and field evaluation of a new rapid test for detecting Wuchereria bancrofti antigen in human blood. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:11\u20135.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg."},{"key":"578_CR39","first-page":"274","volume":"12","author":"Y Zou","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zou Y, Wang L, Wang F, Li J, Qi Z, Zheng X, et al. Imported Loa Loa filariasis: a retrospective analysis of 11 cases. J Pathogen Biol. 2017;12:274\u20137 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"J Pathogen Biol"},{"key":"578_CR40","first-page":"796","volume":"31","author":"T Zhou","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zhou T, Sun J, Wu W, Shi G, Li Z. Investigation on an imported case of Loaiasis. Dis Surveill. 2016;31:796\u20138 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Dis Surveill"},{"key":"578_CR41","first-page":"287","volume":"17","author":"Y Wang","year":"2007","unstructured":"Wang Y. A blind case induced by Onchocerca volvulus. China J Chin Ophthalmol. 2007;17:287 (in Chinese).","journal-title":"China J Chin Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T23:34:22Z","timestamp":1596670462000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["578"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-019-0578-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2018","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 July 2019","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 August 2019","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All the authors have read and approved the submitted version of the manuscript to this journal.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"66"}}