{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:24:19Z","timestamp":1789586659320,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614556800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency-Sida"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Lymphatic filariasis (LF) elimination program in Tanzania started in 2000 in response to the Global program for the elimination of LF by 2020. Evidence shows a persistent LF transmission despite more than a decade of mass drug administration (MDA). It is advocated that, regular monitoring should be conducted in endemic areas to evaluate the progress towards elimination and detect resurgence of the disease timely. This study was therefore designed to assess the status of <jats:italic>Wuchereria bancrofti<\/jats:italic> infection in <jats:italic>Culex quinqefasciatus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species after six rounds of MDA in Masasi District, South Eastern Tanzania.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Mosquitoes were collected between June and July 2019 using Center for Diseases Control (CDC) light traps and gravid traps for indoor and outdoor respectively. The collected mosquitoes were morphologically identified into respective species. Dissections and PCR were carried out to detect <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic> infection. Questionnaire survey and checklist were used to assess vector control interventions and household environment respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effects of household environment on filarial vector density.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Overall, 12\u00a0452 mosquitoes were collected of which 10\u00a0545 (84.7%) were filarial vectors. Of these, <jats:italic>Anopheles gambiae<\/jats:italic> complex<jats:italic>, An. funestus<\/jats:italic> group and <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> accounted for 0.1%, 0.7% and 99.2% respectively<jats:italic>.<\/jats:italic> A total of 365 pools of <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> (each with 20 mosquitoes) and 46 individual samples of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species were analyzed by PCR. For <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> pools, 33 were positive for <jats:italic>W. bancrofti<\/jats:italic>, giving an infection rate of 0.5%, while the 46 samples of <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> species were all negative. All 1859 dissected mosquitoes analyzed by microscopy were also negative. Households with modern latrines had less mosquitoes than those with pit latrines [odds ratio (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>)\u2009=\u20090.407, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05]. Houses with unscreened windows had more mosquitoes as compared to those with screened windows (<jats:italic>OR<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.125, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). More than 80% of the participants own bednets while 16.5% had no protection.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>LF low transmission is still ongoing in Masasi District after six rounds of MDA and vector control interventions. The findings also suggest that molecular tools may be essential for xenomonitoring LF transmission during elimination phase.<\/jats:p>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00808-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T08:03:03Z","timestamp":1614585783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Lymphatic filariasis, infection status in Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles species after six rounds of mass drug administration in Masasi District, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1965-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliza","family":"Lupenza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinah B.","family":"Gasarasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omary M.","family":"Minzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"808_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Kamath A. 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Before starting data collection; meetings were conducted with the district and respective village and ten cell leaders, community drug distributors and influential people in the village to clarify the aim of the study and the accompanying activities. For each selected household, a written informed consent was obtained from the head of the household.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"20"}}