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We, therefore, sought to determine whether gut microbiota is associated with\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection-induced liver cirrhosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From December 2017 to November 2019, 24 patients with\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection-induced liver cirrhosis, as well as 25 age- and sex-matched controls from the Zhejiang Province, China, were enrolled. Fecal samples were collected and used for 16S rRNA gene sequencing (particularly, the hypervariable V4 region) using the Illumina MiSeq system. Wilcoxon Rank-Sum and PERMANOVA tests were used for analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight hundred and seven operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, of which, 491 were common between the two groups, whereas 123 and 193 were unique to the control and cirrhosis groups, respectively. Observed species, Chao, ACE, Shannon, Simpson, and Good\u2019s coverage indexes, used for alpha diversity analysis, showed values of 173.4\u2009\u00b1\u200963.8, 197.7\u2009\u00b1\u200973.0, 196.3\u2009\u00b1\u200968.9, 2.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57, 0.13\u2009\u00b1\u20090.09, and 1.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00, respectively, in the control group and 154.0\u2009\u00b1\u200968.1, 178.6\u2009\u00b1\u200975.1, 179.9\u2009\u00b1\u200972.4, 2.68\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76, 0.19\u2009\u00b1\u20090.18, and 1.00\u2009\u00b1\u20090.00, respectively, in the cirrhosis group, with no significant differences observed between the groups. Beta diversity was evaluated by weighted UniFrac distances, with values of 0.40\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13 and 0.40\u2009\u00b1\u20090.11 in the control and cirrhosis groups, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). PCA data also confirmed this similarity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20090.05). Meanwhile, the relative abundance of species belonging to the Bacilli class was higher in cirrhosis patients [median: 2.74%, interquartile range (IQR): 0.18\u20137.81%] than healthy individuals (median: 0.15%, IQR: 0.47\u20130.73%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), and that of Lactobacillales order was also higher in cirrhosis patients (median: 2.73%, IQR: 0.16\u20137.80%) than in healthy individuals (median: 0.12%, IQR: 0.03\u20130.70%;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cumulatively, our results suggest that the gut microbiota of\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection-induced liver cirrhosis patients is similar to that of healthy individuals, indicating that bacterial taxa cannot be used as non-invasive biomarkers for\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection-induced liver cirrhosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00821-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]],"date-time":"2021-03-26T13:03:00Z","timestamp":1616763780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Gut microbiota signatures in Schistosoma japonicum infection-induced liver cirrhosis patients: a case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Qi-Feng","family":"Gui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Lin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Feng","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9086-6101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun-Mei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"821_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apar.2016.03.001","volume":"92","author":"ZG Cao","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cao ZG, Zhao YE, Lee Willingham A, Wang TP. 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All participants provided written informed consent in Chinese. Participation was entirely voluntary and only participants that provided the signed informed consent forms were enrolled in the study. The rights of these subjects were protected.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"43"}}