{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:20:49Z","timestamp":1790036449362,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Major Infectious Diseases such as AIDS and Viral Hepatitis Prevention and Control Technology Major Projects","award":["2018ZX10201002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018ZX10201002"]}]},{"name":"National Key R&D Program of China","award":["2020YFA0907101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0907101"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Brucellosis is an infectious-allergic zoonotic disease caused by bacteria of the genus <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic>. Early diagnosis is the key to preventing, treating, and controlling brucellosis. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPA) is a new immunoassay for relatively rapid and accurate detection of antibodies or antigens based on antigen\u2013antibody interaction. However, there is no report on FPA-based detection of human brucellosis in China. Therefore, this study is to evaluate the value of FPA for the diagnosis of human brucellosis in China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We recruited 320 suspected brucellosis cases who had the clinical symptoms and epidemiological risk factors between January and December, 2019. According to China Guideline for Human Brucellosis Diagnosis, the Rose Bengal test (RBT) was used for the screening test, and the serum agglutination test (SAT) was used as the confirmatory test. Brucellosis was confirmed only if the results of both tests were positive. Additionally, FPA and enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) were compared with SAT, and their sensitivity, specificity, coincidence rate and consistency coefficient (Kappa value) as diagnostic tests were analyzed individually and in combination. The optimal cut-off value of FPA was also determined using the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The optimum cut-off value of FPA was determined to be 88.5 millipolarization (mP) units, with a sensitivity of 94.5% and specificity of 100.0%. Additionally, the coincidence rate with the SAT test was 96.6%, and the Kappa value (0.9) showed excellent consistency. The sensitivity and specificity of FPA and ELISA combined were higher at 98.0% and 100.0% respectively.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>When the cut-off value of FPA test is set at 88.5 mP, it has high value for the diagnosis of brucellosis. Additionally, when FPA and ELISA are combined, the sensitivity of diagnosis is significantly improved. Thus, FPA may have potential in the future as a diagnostic method for human brucellosis in China.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T11:03:02Z","timestamp":1617188582000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Fluorescence polarization assay improves the rapid detection of human brucellosis in China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Shuai-Bing","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing-Yao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Mei","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zun-Rong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-Da","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Wen","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Zhong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong-Yan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Ri","family":"Piao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Feng","family":"Xing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"834_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70286-4","volume":"7","author":"MP Franco","year":"2007","unstructured":"Franco MP, Mulder M, Gilman RH, Smits HL. Human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(12):775\u201386.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"834_CR2","first-page":"870","volume":"40","author":"SB Dong","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dong SB, Jiang H, Wang LP. Progress in research and practice of brucellosis surveillance in China. Chin J Epidemiol. 2019;40(7):870\u20134. (in Chinese).","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70382-6","volume":"6","author":"G Pappas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Pappas G, Papadimitriou P, Akritidis N, Christou L, Tsianos EV. The new global map of human brucellosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2006;6(2):91\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"834_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2800","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002800","volume":"8","author":"HE Mableson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Mableson HE, Okello A, Picozzi K, Welburn SC. Neglected zoonotic diseases-the long and winding road to advocacy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014;8(6):e2800.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"834_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/QCO.0b013e3283638104","volume":"26","author":"MP Rubach","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rubach MP, Halliday JE, Cleaveland S, Crump JA. Brucellosis in low-income and middle-income countries. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(5):404\u201312.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2302.151710","volume":"23","author":"S Lai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lai S, Zhou H, Xiong W, Gilbert M, Huang Z, Yu J, et al. Changing epidemiology of human brucellosis, China, 1955\u20132014. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017;23(2):184\u201394.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.02.005","volume":"141","author":"G Matope","year":"2011","unstructured":"Matope G, Muma JB, Toft N, Gori E, Lund A, Nielsen K, et al. Evaluation of sensitivity and specificity of RBT, c-ELISA and fluorescence polarisation assay for diagnosis of brucellosis in cattle using latent class analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2011;141(1):58\u201363.","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14260","volume":"27","author":"S Patra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Patra S, Tellapragada C, Vandana KE, Mukhopadhyay C. Diagnostic utility of in-house loop-mediated isothermal amplification and real-time PCR targeting virB gene for direct detection of Brucella melitensis from clinical specimens. J Appl Microbiol. 2019;27(1):230\u20136.","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/0049475516640191","volume":"47","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Zou G, Yin J, Tan W, Zhou J, Zhang H. Seroepidemiology of human Brucella infection in Yixing. China Trop Doct. 2017;47(2):165\u20137.","journal-title":"China Trop Doct"},{"issue":"8","key":"834_CR10","first-page":"50","volume":"5","author":"MJ Corbel","year":"1979","unstructured":"Corbel MJ. The relationship between the protective and cross-reacting antigens of Brucella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica 0:9 and Salmonella serotypes of Kauffmann-White group N. Contrib Microbiol Immunol. 1979;5(8):50\u201363.","journal-title":"Contrib Microbiol Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"834_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0732-8893(02)00426-1","volume":"44","author":"ZA Memish","year":"2002","unstructured":"Memish ZA, Almuneef M, Mah MW, Qassem LA, Osoba AO. Comparison of the Brucella Standard Agglutination Test with the ELISA IgG and IgM in patients with Brucella bacteremia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;44(2):129\u201332.","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR12","first-page":"65","volume":"31","author":"K Nielsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Nielsen K, Yu WL. Serological diagnosis of brucellosis. Prilozi. 2010;31(1):65\u201389.","journal-title":"Prilozi"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2000.1038","volume":"22","author":"K Nielsen","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nielsen K, Lin M, Gall D, Jolley M. Fluorescence polarization immunoassay: detection of antibody to Brucella abortus. Methods. 2000;22(1):71\u20136.","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"10","key":"834_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05217-0","volume":"52","author":"NE Lucero","year":"2003","unstructured":"Lucero NE, Escobar GI, Ayala SM, Paulo PS, Nielsen K. Fluorescence polarization assay for diagnosis of human brucellosis. J Med Microbiol. 2003;52(10):883\u20137.","journal-title":"J Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5877(99)00004-5","volume":"40","author":"A Dajer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Dajer A, Luna-Mart\u00ednez E, Zapata D, Villegas S, Guti\u00e9rrez E, Pe\u00f1a G, et al. Evaluation of a fluorescence-polarization assay for the diagnosis of bovine brucellosis in M\u00e9xico. Prev Vet Med. 1999;40(1):67\u201373.","journal-title":"Prev Vet Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"834_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2005.10.009","volume":"111","author":"A Minas","year":"2005","unstructured":"Minas A, Stournara A, Minas M, Papaioannou A, Krikelis V, Tselepidis S. Validation of fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) and comparison with other tests used for diagnosis of B. melitensis infection in sheep. Vet Microbiol. 2005;111(3\u20134):211\u201321.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"834_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1135(99)00077-2","volume":"68","author":"K Nielsen","year":"1999","unstructured":"Nielsen K, Gall D, Smith P, Vigliocco A, Perez B, Samartino L, et al. Validation of the fluorescence polarization assay as a serological test for the presumptive diagnosis of porcine brucellosis. Vet Microbiol. 1999;68(3\u20134):245\u201353.","journal-title":"Vet Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"834_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-37.1.110","volume":"37","author":"D Gall","year":"2001","unstructured":"Gall D, Nielsen K, Forbes L, Cook W, Leclair D, Balsevicius S, et al. Evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay and comparison to other serological assays for detection of brucellosis in cervids. J Wildl Dis. 2001;37(1):110\u20138.","journal-title":"J Wildl Dis"},{"key":"834_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-4-525","volume":"4","author":"MM Gwida","year":"2011","unstructured":"Gwida MM, ElGohary AH, Melzer F, Tomaso H, R\u00f6sler U, Wernery U, et al. Comparison of diagnostic tests for the detection of Brucella spp. in camel sera. BMC Res Notes. 2011;4:525.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes."},{"issue":"10","key":"834_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-007-0363-8","volume":"26","author":"A Konstantinidis","year":"2007","unstructured":"Konstantinidis A, Minas A, Pournaras S, Kansouzidou A, Papastergiou P, Maniatis A, et al. Evaluation and comparison of fluorescence polarization assay with three of the currently used serological tests in diagnosis of human brucellosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26(10):715\u201321.","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"834_CR21","unstructured":"National Health Commission of the People\u2019s Republic of China. The Notice of the WS 269\u20132019 Diagnosis for Brucellosis. http:\/\/www.nhc.gov.cn\/wjw\/s9491\/201905\/b109b71e7a624256985b573944b5d292.shtml. Accessed 15 Sept 2019. (in Chinese)"},{"key":"834_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.02.011","volume":"129","author":"M Avijgan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Avijgan M, Rostamnezhad M, Jahanbani-Ardakani H. Clinical and serological approach to patients with brucellosis: a common diagnostic dilemma and a worldwide perspective. Microb Pathog. 2019;129:125\u201330.","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"issue":"4","key":"834_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)91099-9","volume":"92","author":"JS Friedland","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedland JS. Topley & Wilson\u2019s microbiology and microbial infections. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1998;92(4):470.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]],"date-time":"2021-03-31T11:15:13Z","timestamp":1617189313000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00834-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 November 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 March 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 March 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The ethics committee of the hospital approved the study. Written informed consent has been obtained from the patients in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. We confirmed that the identification information of all participants (including patient names, ID numbers, home addresses and telephone numbers) would not be included in recordings, written descriptions, or publications.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"All authors declare that they have no competing interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}