{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T16:41:54Z","timestamp":1790095314387,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624752000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NGO le Kaicedrat"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>To monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in school-aged children (SAC), the National Bilharzia Control Program (PNLB) was set up by the Senegalese authorities; however, geographically isolated Bedik ethnic groups that did not benefit from this program were found to be heavily infected with <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>. This observation led us to implement a new schistosomiasis control program in 2008 under the aegis of the non-governmental organization \u201cLe Ka\u00efcedrat\u201d and in partnership with the PNLB\/WHO to monitor the prevalence of schistosomiasis in this area. In the village of Assoni, where 100% of SAC were infected, analysis of the stools of pre-school-aged children (PSAC) showed that they were massively infected, so we decided to focus our program on them.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>From 2008 to 2020, we (i) monitored the prevalence of <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic> in PSAC in Assoni using double-stool smear preparation, (ii) treated the infected PSAC with a standard dose of praziquantel 40 mg\/kg, (iii) ran educational campaigns each year in the village, and (iv) built latrines to improve sanitation and reduce schistosomiasis transmission. Linear regression was used to examine the trend in the annual schistosomiasis prevalence and a two-sided of Chi-squared test was used to compare prevalence between the different age groups of PSAC.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>We observed an extremely high prevalence of schistosomiasis (78%) in PSAC before implementation of the program in 2008. Contamination occurred in very young children, as 64.3% of children under 2\u00a0years old were infected. Moreover, prevalence increased with age and reached 96.8% in children 4 to\u2009&lt;\u20096\u00a0years old. Our annual interventions in Assoni Village raised awareness among villagers that water bodies were areas of significant infestation, allowed the building of 88 latrines and led to a decrease in prevalence in PSAC as only 11% of these children were infected in 2020.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our study allowed Assoni to be the first village in Senegal to treat PSAC since 2014, but only on an individual basis. It also shows that schistosomiasis is difficult to eradicate and that multi-sectorial actions are required to keep its prevalence at a low level.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphic abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T15:02:42Z","timestamp":1624806162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A 12-year follow-up of intestinal schistosomiasis in pre-school-aged children in Assoni Village, Eastern Senegal"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8867-0778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monique","family":"N\u2019Diaye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boubacar Fod\u00e9","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fod\u00e9","family":"Danfakha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fili","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00e9rald","family":"Keita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheikh Sadibou","family":"Senghor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bocar","family":"Diop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lamine","family":"Diawara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bessin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Vernet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Barbier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Dewavrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Klotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"867_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) Fact Sheets Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/schistosomiasis#tab=tab_1. Accessed 27 Apr 2021."},{"key":"867_CR2","unstructured":"GBD 2016 DALYs and HALE Collaborators. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 333 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390,1260\u20131344."},{"key":"867_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Ending the Neglect to Attain the Sustainable Development Goals: A Road Map for Neglected Tropical Diseases 2021\u20132030. 2020."},{"key":"867_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61949-2","volume":"383","author":"DG Colley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet. 2014;383:2253\u201364.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"867_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e64","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30535-7","volume":"17","author":"NC Lo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lo NC, Addiss DG, Hotez PJ, King CH, Stothard JR, Evans DS, et al. A call to strengthen the global strategy for schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis: the time is now. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:e64\u20139.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00066-3","volume":"15","author":"YS Lai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lai YS, Biedermann P, Ekpo UF, Garba A, Mathieu E, Midzi N, et al. Spatial distribution of schistosomiasis and treatment needs in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and geostatistical analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15:927\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2012.02.002","volume":"42","author":"L Meurs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meurs L, Mbow M, Vereecken K, Menten J, Mboup S, Polman K. Epidemiology of mixed Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium infections in northern Senegal. Int J Parasitol. 2012;42:305\u201311.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"867_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3189","volume":"135","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mutapi F. Changing policy and practice in the control of pediatric schistosomiasis. Pediatrics. 2015;135:536\u201344.","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"867_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2013.02.001","volume":"29","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Bustinduy A, Reinhard-Rupp J. Schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool children: let them now be treated! Trends Parasitol. 2013;29:197\u2013205.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"867_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0346","volume":"89","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2013","unstructured":"Coulibaly JT, N\u2019Gbesso YK, N\u2019Guessan NA, Winkler MS, Utzinger J, N\u2019Goran EK. Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in two high-risk communities of south Cote d\u2019Ivoire with particular emphasis on pre-school-aged children. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2013;89:32\u201341.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"867_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182012000029","volume":"139","author":"UF Ekpo","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ekpo UF, Oluwole AS, Abe EM, Etta HE, Olamiju F, Mafiana CF. Schistosomiasis in infants and pre-school-aged children in sub-Saharan Africa: implication for control. Parasitology. 2012;139:835\u201341.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"867_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garba A, Barkir\u00e9 N, Djibo A, Lamine MS, Sofo B, Gouvras AN, et al. Schistosomiasis in infants and preschool-aged children: infection in a single Schistosoma haematobium and a mixed S. haematobium-S. mansoni foci of Niger. Acta Trop. 2010;115:212\u2013219.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.03.005"},{"key":"867_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinda C, Mindu T, Chimbari MJ. A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifying schistosomiasis infection burden in pre-school aged children (PreSAC) in sub-Saharan Africa for the period 2000\u20132020. PLoS ONE. 2020;15:e0244695.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0244695"},{"key":"867_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4246-8","volume":"12","author":"M Kemal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kemal M, Tadesse G, Esmael A, Abay SM, Kebede T. Schistosoma mansoni infection among preschool age children attending Erer Health Center, Ethiopia and the response rate to praziquantel. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12:211\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"867_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed2040058","volume":"2","author":"A Nalugwa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nalugwa A, Nuwaha F, Tukahebwa EM, Olsen A. Schistosoma mansoni-associated morbidity among preschool-aged children along the shores of Lake Victoria in Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2017;2:58\u201370.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0997-9","volume":"8","author":"DM Ruganuza","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ruganuza DM, Mazigo HD, Waihenya R, Morona D, Mkoji GM. Schistosoma mansoni among pre-school children in Musozi Village, Ukerewe Island, North-Western-Tanzania: prevalence and associated risk factors. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:377\u201387.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0561-5","volume":"8","author":"H Sacolo-Gwebu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sacolo-Gwebu H, Chimbari M, Kalinda C. Prevalence and risk factors of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiases among preschool aged children (1\u20135 Years) in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a cross-sectional study. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:47\u201358.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"867_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inhe.2010.02.003","volume":"2","author":"JC Sousa-Figueiredo","year":"2010","unstructured":"Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Pleasant J, Day M, Betson M, Rollinson D, Montresor A, et al. Treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in Ugandan preschool children: best diagnosis, treatment efficacy and side-effects, and an extended praziquantel dosing pole. Int Health. 2010;2:103\u201313.","journal-title":"Int Health"},{"key":"867_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182011001235","volume":"138","author":"JR Stothard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stothard JR, Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Green HK, Seto EYW, Garba A, et al. Closing the praziquantel treatment gap: new steps in epidemiological monitoring and control of schistosomiasis in African infants and preschool-aged children. Parasitology. 2011;138:1593\u2013606.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"867_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0685","volume":"84","author":"JR Verani","year":"2011","unstructured":"Verani JR, Abudho B, Montgomery SP, Mwinzi PNM, Shane HL, Butler SE, et al. Schistosomiasis among young children in Usoma. Kenya Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011;84:787\u201391.","journal-title":"Kenya Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"867_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Report of a Meeting to Review the Results of Studies on the Treatment of Schistosomiasis in Preschool-Aged Children 2010."},{"key":"867_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05034-2","volume":"20","author":"S Armoo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Armoo S, Cunningham LJ, Campbell SJ, Aboagye FT, Boampong FK, Hamidu BA, et al. Detecting Schistosoma mansoni infections among pre-school-aged children in southern Ghana: a diagnostic comparison of urine-CCA, real-time PCR and Kato-Katz assays. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20:301\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunningham LJ, Campbell SJ, Armoo S, Koukounari A, Watson V, Selormey P, et al. Assessing expanded community wide treatment for schistosomiasis: baseline infection status and self-reported risk factors in three communities from the greater Accra Region, Ghana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14:e0007973","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007973"},{"key":"867_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(92)90562-Q","volume":"86","author":"I Talla","year":"1992","unstructured":"Talla I, Kongs A, Verl\u00e9 P. Preliminary study of the prevalence of human schistosomiasis in Richard-Toll (the Senegal River Basin). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1992;86:182.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"867_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0125","volume":"95","author":"M N\u2019Diaye","year":"2016","unstructured":"N\u2019Diaye M, Dioukhane EM, Ndao B, Diedhiou K, Diawara L, Talla I, et al. Schistosomiasis sustained control program in ethnic groups around Ninefescha (Eastern Senegal). Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2016;95:614\u201322.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"867_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(10)70099-2","volume":"10","author":"DJ Gray","year":"2010","unstructured":"Gray DJ, McManus DP, Li Y, Williams GM, Bergquist R, Ross AG. Schistosomiasis elimination: Lessons from the past guide the future. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10:733\u20136.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Assar\u00e9 RK, Tian-Bi YNT, Yao PK, N\u2019Guessan NA, Ouattara M, Yapi A, et al. Sustaining control of Schistosomiasis mansoni in western C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Results from a SCORE study, one year after initial praziquantel administration. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10:e0004329.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004329"},{"key":"867_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0800135","volume":"360","author":"LD Wang","year":"2009","unstructured":"Wang LD, Chen HG, Guo JG, Zeng XJ, Hong XL, Xiong JJ, et al. A strategy to control transmission of Schistosoma japonicum in China. N Engl J Med. 2009;360:121\u20138.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"867_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e688","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30187-0","volume":"5","author":"JT Coulibaly","year":"2017","unstructured":"Coulibaly JT, Panic G, Silu\u00e9 KD, Kova\u010d J, Hattendorf J, Keiser J. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel in preschool-aged and school-aged children infected with Schistosoma mansoni: a randomised controlled, parallel-group, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e688\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"867_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001143","volume":"5","author":"F Mutapi","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mutapi F, Rujeni N, Bourke C, Mitchell K, Appleby L, Nausch N, et al. Schistosoma haematobium treatment in 1\u20135 year old children: safety and efficacy of the antihelminthic drug praziquantel. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1143\u201350.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"867_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olliaro PL, Coulibaly JT, Garba A, Halleux C, Keiser J, King CH, et al. Efficacy and safety of single-dose 40 mg\/kg oral praziquantel in the treatment of schistosomiasis in preschool-age versus school-age children: an individual participant data meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14: e0008277.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008277"},{"key":"867_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa-Figueiredo JC, Betson M, Atuhaire A, Arinaitwe M, Navaratnam AMD, Kabatereine NB, et al. Performance and safety of praziquantel for treatment of intestinal schistosomiasis in infants and preschool children. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012; 6:e1864.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001864"},{"key":"867_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1179\/136485906X105552","volume":"100","author":"SE Odogwu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Odogwu SE, Ramamurthy NK, Kabatereine NB, Kazibwe F, Tukahebwa E, Webster JP, et al. Schistosoma mansoni in infants (aged < 3 years) along the Ugandan shoreline of Lake Victoria. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2006;100:315\u201326.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"},{"key":"867_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-153","volume":"7","author":"H Poole","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poole H, Terlouw DJ, Naunje A, Mzembe K, Stanton M, Betson M, et al. Schistosomiasis in pre-school-age children and their mothers in Chikhwawa District, Malawi with notes on characterization of schistosomes and snails. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:153\u201364.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sassa M, Chadeka EA, Cheruiyot NB, Tanaka M, Moriyasu T, Kaneko S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among children under two years of age in Mbita, Western Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14:e0008473.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008473"},{"key":"867_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(99)00013-3","volume":"73","author":"JC Ernould","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ernould JC, Ba K, Sellin B. Increase of intestinal schistosomiasis after praziquantel treatment in a Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma mansoni mixed focus. Acta Trop. 1999;73:143\u201352.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"867_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.07.005","volume":"124","author":"MH Hodges","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hodges MH, Paye J, Koroma MM, Nyorkor ED, Fofonah I, Zhang Y. High level of Schistosoma mansoni infection in pre-school children in Sierra Leone highlights the need in targeting this age group for praziquantel treatment. Acta Trop. 2012;124:120\u20135.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"867_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2249-7","volume":"10","author":"SA Spencer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Spencer SA, Penney JMSJ, Russell HJ, Howe AP, Linder C, Rakotomampianina ALD, et al. High burden of Schistosoma mansoni infection in school-aged children in Marolambo District. Madagascar Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:307\u201314.","journal-title":"Madagascar Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garba A, Lamine MS, Barkir\u00e9 N, Djibo A, Sofo B, Gouvras AN, et al. Efficacy and safety of two closely spaced doses of praziquantel against Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni and re-infection patterns in school-aged children in Niger. Acta Trop. 2013;128:334\u2013344.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.08.008"},{"key":"867_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2001.00785.x","volume":"6","author":"EK N\u2019Goran","year":"2001","unstructured":"N\u2019Goran EK, Utzinger J, N\u2019Guessan AN, M\u00fcller I, Zambl\u00e9 K, Lohourignon KL, et al. Reinfection with Schistosoma haematobium following school-based chemotherapy with praziquantel in four highly endemic villages in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Trop Med Int Health. 2001;6:817\u201325.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"867_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1774","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001774","volume":"6","author":"A Landour\u00e9","year":"2012","unstructured":"Landour\u00e9 A, Demb\u00e9l\u00e9 R, Goita S, Kan\u00e9 M, Tuinsma M, Sacko M, et al. Significantly reduced intensity of infection but persistent prevalence of schistosomiasis in a highly endemic region in Mali after repeated treatment. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6:e1774\u201382.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"867_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009000493","volume":"136","author":"MJ Doenhoff","year":"2009","unstructured":"Doenhoff MJ, Hagan P, Cioli D, Southgate V, Pica-Mattoccia L, Botros S, et al. Praziquantel: its use in control of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa and current research needs. Parasitology. 2009;136:1825\u201335.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"867_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0448-x","volume":"7","author":"M Kabuyaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabuyaya M, Chimbari MJ, Mukaratirwa S. Efficacy of praziquantel treatment regimens in pre-school and school aged children infected with schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2018;7:73\u20139.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"867_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-2864-9","volume":"16","author":"A Alemu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Alemu A, Tegegne Y, Damte D, Melku M. Schistosoma mansoni and soil-transmitted helminths among preschool-aged children in Chuahit, Dembia District, Northwest Ethiopia: prevalence, intensity of infection and associated risk factors. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:422\u201330.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"867_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0766-9","volume":"8","author":"JET Grimes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Grimes JET, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MR. The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review. Parasit Vectors. 2015;8:156\u201371.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.04.002","volume":"71","author":"M Kabuyaya","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kabuyaya M, Chimbari MJ, Mukaratirwa S. Infection status and risk factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis among school-going children in the Ndumo Area of UMkhanyakude District in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa two years post-treatment. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;71:100\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1958-7","volume":"10","author":"J Zwang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zwang J, Olliaro P. Efficacy and safety of praziquantel 40 mg\/kg in preschool-aged and school-aged children: a meta-analysis. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10:47\u2013162.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1337-4","volume":"9","author":"CF Rasoamanamihaja","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rasoamanamihaja CF, Rahetilahy AM, Ranjatoarivony B, Dhanani N, Andriamaro L, Andrianarisoa SH, et al. Baseline prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis at sentinel sites in Madagascar: informing a national control strategy. Parasit Vectors. 2016;9:50\u201360.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"867_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kebede T, Bech N, Allienne J-F, Olivier R, Erko B, Boissier J. Genetic evidence for the role of non-human primates as reservoir hosts for human schistosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14, e0008538.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008538"},{"key":"867_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ketzis JK, Lejeune M, Branford I, Beierschmitt A, Willingham AL. Identification of Schistosoma mansoni infection in a nonhuman primate from St. Kitts more than 50 years after interruption of human transmission. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020;103:2278\u20132281.","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.20-0282"},{"key":"867_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0543-7","volume":"8","author":"L Richards","year":"2019","unstructured":"Richards L, Erko B, Ponpetch K, Ryan SJ, Liang S. Assessing the nonhuman primate reservoir of Schistosoma mansoni in Africa: a systematic review. Infect Dis Poverty. 2019;8:32\u201342.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"867_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy029","volume":"218","author":"S Catalano","year":"2018","unstructured":"Catalano S, S\u00e8ne M, Diouf ND, Fall CB, Borlase A, L\u00e9ger E, et al. Rodents as natural hosts of zoonotic Schistosoma species and hybrids: an epidemiological and evolutionary perspective from West Africa. J Infect Dis. 2018;218:429\u201333.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"867_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2606.200107","volume":"26","author":"S Catalano","year":"2020","unstructured":"Catalano S, L\u00e9ger E, Fall CB, Borlase A, Diop SD, Berger D, et al. Multihost transmission of Schistosoma mansoni in Senegal, 2015\u20132018. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;26:1234\u201342.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]],"date-time":"2021-06-27T15:03:23Z","timestamp":1624806203000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["867"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-021-00867-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 February 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"21 May 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the WHO Neglected Tropical Diseases Inter-Country Support Team for West Africa, PNLB, Health and Social Action Ministry in Senegal. At the beginning of the study, the regional director for health, the village authorities, and local community members were fully informed of the objectives of the project.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"89"}}