{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:22:44Z","timestamp":1791354164781,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rudolf Geigy Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Researching a water-borne disease in the middle of the Sahara desert might not seem the most relevant concern. However, nomadic Sahelian pastoralists health concerns regarding their livestock and anecdotal reports about trematode infections of\n                      <jats:italic>Fasciola<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. and\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. in desert-raised animals justified an exploratory study focusing on the lakes of Ounianga in Northern Chad. The aim was to test whether trematode parasites such as\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp. occur in human populations living around the Sahara desert lakes of Ounianga Kebir and Ounianga Serir in northern Chad.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was carried out in January 2019 and comprised of three components. First, a cross sectional survey based on a random sample drawn from the population to detect infections with\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      ; second, focus group discussions exploring disease priorities, access to health and health seeking behaviour; and third, surveying water contact sites for intermediate host snails. Samples of trematode parasites and snails were confirmed on species level by molecular genetic methods. For parasitological and malacological surveys descriptive statistics were performed. Qualitative data analysis included the\u00a0full review of all transcripts, followed by a descriptive and explorative thematic analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 258 participants, the overall\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      prevalence using urine filtration was 39.2% [95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ): 33.5\u201345.1%], with 51.5% of the infected suffering from heavy infection. The intermediate host snail of\n                      <jats:italic>S. haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>Bulinus truncatus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) occurred at water contact\u00a0sites near both study villages, revealing the potential for local transmission. Although a positive\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) test result was obtained from 8.6% (95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      5.7\u201312.8%) of the samples, no intermediate host snails of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      were found, and the relevance of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      remains uncertain. Qualitative findings underline the importance of morbidity caused by urinary schistosomiasis, and the lack of access to diagnostics and treatment as a major health concern.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This research revealed a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in the population living around the lakes of Ounianga in the Sahara, a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) world heritage site in Chad. Despite the high public health importance of the associated morbidity expressed by the population, there is no access to diagnostics and treatment. Further work is needed to develop and test a context-adapted intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-021-00930-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,6]],"date-time":"2022-01-06T19:04:17Z","timestamp":1641495857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["High prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis in a desert population: results from an exploratory study around the Ounianga lakes in Chad"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Wendelin","family":"Moser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annour Adoum","family":"Batil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebekka","family":"Ott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moussa","family":"Abderamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahel","family":"Wampfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Poppert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Allan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1844-3961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Greter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"930_CR1","unstructured":"WHO. 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BASEC Nr Req-2018-0120) and the \u2018Comit\u00e9 National de Bio\u00e9thique du Tchad\u2019 (CNBT) in N\u2019Djamena, Chad (reference no. 134\/PR\/MESRI\/SG\/CNBT\/2018). Research authorization was granted by the Chadian Ministry of Health and its \u2018Direction de la Lutte contre la Maladie et de la Promotion de la Sant\u00e9\u2019 (reference no. 007\/PR\/MSP\/DG\/DLMPS\/2018). Upon arrival in the study villages, an assembly was organized with the community representatives to discuss the study objectives and procedures. The traditional leaders, together with the local authorities, discussed the study and decided about concrete participation. Once a collective decision had been reached, written informed consent was obtained from the community representatives. In line with high illiteracy rates among the general population, individual participants consented orally. These consent procedures had received approval by the respective ethics committees. Those participants with a positive test result from either filtration or POC-CCA testing were invited to the health centre\/health post and were administered praziquantel in the adequate dose (40\u00a0mg\/kg) by the study nurse.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors approved submission for publication of this manuscript.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"5"}}