{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T06:08:13Z","timestamp":1788242893729,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R021600\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R021600\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206194"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206194"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a neglected tropical skin disease, caused by the protozoan parasite <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic>. In Ethiopia, CL is mainly caused by <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>e<jats:italic>ishmania aethiopica<\/jats:italic> and can present in different clinical forms. The aim of this study was to assess whether these different forms are associated with differences in parasite genetic and host systemic immune signatures.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Here we analysed the whole genome sequence data for 48 clinical parasite isolates and the systemic immune signature from a cohort of CL patients, who were recruited in Nefas Mewcha, Northern Ethiopia, from January 2019 to January 2022.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Our results show that parasites from CL cases with different presentations in a single Ethiopian setting are from the same genetic population based on a permutation test of genome-wide similarity. Furthermore, a logistic regression test for genome wide association did not identify any individual genetic variants significantly associated with disease presentation. We also measured plasma chemokine and cytokine levels of 129 CL patients presenting with different forms of CL. None of the chemokine [eotaxin, eotaxin-3, interleukin (IL)-8, interferon (IFN)-\u03b3-induced protein-10 (IP-10), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, MCP-4, macrophage-derived chemokines (MDC), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1\u03b1, MIP-1\u03b2 and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)] or cytokine (IFN-\u03b3, IL-1\u03b2, interleukin-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1) levels measured were significantly different between the different clinical presentations of CL, as measured by Kruskal\u2013Wallis test. We also compared those with healthy nonendemic controls: our results show a chemokine (IP-10, MCP-1, MCP-4, MDC, MIP-1\u03b1, MIP-1\u03b2 and TARC) but not a cytokine immune signature in patients with CL as compared to healthy nonendemic controls, as measured by Mann-Whitney test.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>The results of our study did not identify a systemic immune signature or parasite genetic factors associated with different clinical presentation of CL.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                \n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T16:03:17Z","timestamp":1729094597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Investigation of parasite genetic variation and systemic immune responses in patients presenting with different clinical presentations of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania aethiopica"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Endalew","family":"Yizengaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yegnasew","family":"Takele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susanne","family":"Franssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bizuayehu","family":"Gashaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulat","family":"Yimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emebet","family":"Adem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Endalkachew","family":"Nibret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gizachew","family":"Yismaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward","family":"Cruz Cervera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kefale","family":"Ejigu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dessalegn","family":"Tamiru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abaineh","family":"Munshea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingrid","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Weller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Cotton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1670-8332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pascale","family":"Kropf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"1244_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burza S, Croft SL, Boelaert M. Leishmaniasis. Lancet. 2018;392(10151):951\u201370.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-017-2028-5","volume":"10","author":"D Steverding","year":"2017","unstructured":"Steverding D. The history of leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors. 2017;10(1):82.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1244_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2018.12.009","volume":"6","author":"S van Henten","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Henten S, Adriaensen W, Fikre H, Akuffo H, Diro E, Hailu A, et al. Cutaneous leishmaniasis due to Leishmania aethiopica. EClinicalMedicine. 2018;6:69\u201381.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"1244_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90088-6","volume":"67","author":"RW Ashford","year":"1973","unstructured":"Ashford RW, Bray MA, Hutchinson MP, Bray RS. The epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1973;67(4):568\u2013601.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-2-60","volume":"2","author":"W Lemma","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lemma W, Erenso G, Gadisa E, Balkew M, Gebre-Michael T, Hailu A. A zoonotic focus of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2009;2(1):60.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1244_CR6","unstructured":"Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia, (2013). https:\/\/www.afrikadia.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/VL_Guidelines_Ethiopia_2013.pdf. Accessed 15 August 2024"},{"issue":"2","key":"1244_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0009079","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0009079","volume":"15","author":"P Lypaczewski","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lypaczewski P, Zhang WW, Matlashewski G. Evidence that a naturally occurring single nucleotide polymorphism in the RagC gene of Leishmania donovani contributes to reduced virulence. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2021;15(2):e0009079.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2017.11.004","volume":"169","author":"L Cysne-Finkelstein","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cysne-Finkelstein L, Silva-Almeida M, Pereira BAS, Dos Santos CK, Bertho AL, Bastos LS, et al. Evidence of subpopulations with distinct biological features within a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain. Protist. 2018;169(1):107\u201321.","journal-title":"Protist"},{"key":"1244_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-308X(06)64001-3","volume":"64","author":"AL Banuls","year":"2007","unstructured":"Banuls AL, Hide M, Prugnolle F. Leishmania and the leishmaniases: a parasite genetic update and advances in taxonomy, epidemiology and pathogenicity in humans. Adv Parasitol. 2007;64:1\u2013109.","journal-title":"Adv Parasitol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1244_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1086\/507646","volume":"194","author":"N Acestor","year":"2006","unstructured":"Acestor N, Masina S, Ives A, Walker J, Saravia NG, Fasel N. Resistance to oxidative stress is associated with metastasis in mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(8):1160\u20137.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"1244_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2004.07.005","volume":"108","author":"P Cuervo","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cuervo P, Cupolillo E, Nehme N, Hernandez V, Saravia N, Fernandes O. Leishmania (Viannia): genetic analysis of cutaneous and mucosal strains isolated from the same patient. Exp Parasitol. 2004;108(1\u20132):59\u201366.","journal-title":"Exp Parasitol"},{"key":"1244_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.07.016","volume":"65","author":"HT Jaber","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaber HT, Hailu A, Pratlong F, Lami P, Bastien P, Jaffe CL. Analysis of genetic polymorphisms and tropism in East African Leishmania donovani by amplified fragment length polymorphism and kDNA minicircle sequencing. Infect Genet Evol. 2018;65:80\u201390.","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"1244_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.123430.111","volume":"21","author":"T Downing","year":"2011","unstructured":"Downing T, Imamura H, Decuypere S, Clark TG, Coombs GH, Cotton JA, et al. Whole genome sequencing of multiple Leishmania donovani clinical isolates provides insights into population structure and mechanisms of drug resistance. Genome Res. 2011;21(12):2143\u201356.","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"40","key":"1244_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25159","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920136117","volume":"117","author":"F Van den Broeck","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van den Broeck F, Savill NJ, Imamura H, Sanders M, Maes I, Cooper S, et al. Ecological divergence and hybridization of Neotropical Leishmania parasites. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117(40):25159\u201368.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"1244_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e51243","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.51243","volume":"9","author":"SU Franssen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Franssen SU, Durrant C, Stark O, Moser B, Downing T, Imamura H, et al. Global genome diversity of the Leishmania donovani complex. Elife. 2020;9:e51243.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"1244_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0206822","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02068-22","volume":"13","author":"CA Grace","year":"2022","unstructured":"Grace CA, Sousa Carvalho KS, Sousa Lima MI, Costa Silva V, Reis-Cunha JL, Brune MJ, et al. Parasite genotype is a major predictor of mortality from visceral leishmaniasis. MBio. 2022;13(6):e0206822.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"1244_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147998","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1147998","volume":"13","author":"A Hadermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hadermann A, Heeren S, Maes I, Dujardin JC, Domagalska MA, Van den Broeck F. Genome diversity of Leishmania aethiopica. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1147998.","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"718","key":"1244_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eadh1469","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adh1469","volume":"15","author":"C Farias Amorim","year":"2023","unstructured":"Farias Amorim C, Lovins VM, Singh TP, Novais FO, Harris JC, Lago AS, et al. Multiomic profiling of cutaneous leishmaniasis infections reveals microbiota-driven mechanisms underlying disease severity. Sci Transl Med. 2023;15(718):eadh1469.","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"1244_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1288","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001288","volume":"5","author":"LW Stamper","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stamper LW, Patrick RL, Fay MP, Lawyer PG, Elnaiem DE, Secundino N, et al. Infection parameters in the sand fly vector that predict transmission of Leishmania major. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(8):e1288.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-0276140028","volume":"109","author":"LC Castellucci","year":"2014","unstructured":"Castellucci LC, Almeida LF, Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Carvalho EM, Blackwell JM. Host genetic factors in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2014;109(3):279\u201388.","journal-title":"Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"1244_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"660183","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660183","volume":"12","author":"FO Novais","year":"2021","unstructured":"Novais FO, Amorim CF, Scott P. Host-directed therapies for cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2021;12:660183.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1244_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/nri933","volume":"2","author":"DL Sacks","year":"2002","unstructured":"Sacks DL, Noben-Trauth N. The immunology of susceptibility and resistance to Leishmania major in mice. Nature Reviews Immunol. 2002;2:845\u201358.","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1244_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2608","volume":"9","author":"P Kaye","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kaye P, Scott P. Leishmaniasis: complexity at the host-pathogen interface. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2011;9(8):604\u201315.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"1244_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2018.07.005","volume":"46","author":"M Rossi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rossi M, Fasel N. The criminal association of Leishmania parasites and viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2018;46:65\u201372.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X1998000100019","volume":"31","author":"SG Coutinho","year":"1998","unstructured":"Coutinho SG, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL, Santiago MA, De-Luca P. Immunologic patterns associated with cure in human American cutaneous leishmaniasis. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1998;31(1):139\u201342.","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"1244_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974051","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.974051","volume":"13","author":"TGR de Mesquita","year":"2022","unstructured":"de Mesquita TGR, Junior J, da Silva LDO, Silva GAV, de Araujo FJ, Pinheiro SK, et al. Distinct plasma chemokines and cytokines signatures in Leishmania guyanensis-infected patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Front Immunol. 2022;13:974051.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"1244_CR27","first-page":"251","volume":"9","author":"AM Da-Cruz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Da-Cruz AM, Bittar R, Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Nogueira R, Pinho-Ribeiro V, et al. T-cell-mediated immune responses in patients with cutaneous or mucosal leishmaniasis: long-term evaluation after therapy. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2002;9(2):251\u20136.","journal-title":"Clin Diagn Lab Immunol"},{"key":"1244_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacellar O, Lessa H, Schriefer A, Machado P, Ribeiro de Jesus A, Dutra WO, et al. Up-regulation of Th1-type responses in mucosal leishmaniasis patients. Infect Immun. 2002; 70(12):6734\u201340.","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.6734-6740.2002"},{"issue":"4","key":"1244_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(72)90306-9","volume":"66","author":"J Convit","year":"1972","unstructured":"Convit J, Pinardi ME, Rondon AJ. Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: a disease due to an immunological defect of the host. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972;66(4):603\u201310.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"1244_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.1987.tb02308.x","volume":"26","author":"H Akuffo","year":"1987","unstructured":"Akuffo H, Schurr E, Andersson G, Yamaneberhan T, Britton S. Responsiveness in diffuse versus local cutaneous leishmaniasis is due to parasite differences. Scand J Immunol. 1987;26(6):717\u201321.","journal-title":"Scand J Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.3.737","volume":"175","author":"H Akuffo","year":"1997","unstructured":"Akuffo H, Maasho K, Blostedt M, Hojeberg B, Britton S, Bakhiet M. Leishmania aethiopica derived from diffuse leishmaniasis patients preferentially induce mRNA for interleukin-10 while those from localized leishmaniasis patients induce interferon-gamma. J Infect Dis. 1997;175(3):737\u201341.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1244_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2021.105967","volume":"220","author":"M Chanyalew","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chanyalew M, Abebe M, Endale B, Girma S, Tasew G, Bobosha K, et al. Enhanced activation of blood neutrophils and monocytes in patients with Ethiopian localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in response to Leishmania aethiopica neutrophil activation in Ethiopian cutaneous leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2021;220:105967.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"issue":"5","key":"1244_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.5.988","volume":"161","author":"P Pisa","year":"1990","unstructured":"Pisa P, Gennene M, Soder O, Ottenhoff T, Hansson M, Kiessling R. Serum tumor necrosis factor levels and disease dissemination in leprosy and leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 1990;161(5):988\u201391.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1244_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Yizengaw E, Gashaw B, Yimer M, Takele Y, Nibret E, Yismaw G, et al. Demographic characteristics and clinical features of patients presenting with different forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis, in Lay Gayint, Northern Ethiopia. medRxiv. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.02.15.24302809. Accessed 15 August 2024.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.02.15.24302809"},{"issue":"4","key":"1244_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1311","volume":"6","author":"I Kozarewa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kozarewa I, Ning Z, Quail MA, Sanders MJ, Berriman M, Turner DJ. Amplification-free Illumina sequencing-library preparation facilitates improved mapping and assembly of (G+C)-biased genomes. Nat Methods. 2009;6(4):291\u20135.","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"15","key":"1244_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","volume":"30","author":"AM Bolger","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bolger AM, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2014;30(15):2114\u201320.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"35","key":"1244_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0054521","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00545-21","volume":"10","author":"WC Warren","year":"2021","unstructured":"Warren WC, Akopyants NS, Dobson DE, Hertz-Fowler C, Lye LF, Myler PJ, et al. Genome Assemblies across the diverse evolutionary spectrum of Leishmania protozoan parasites. Microbiol Resour Announc. 2021;10(35):e0054521.","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0011058","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011058","volume":"17","author":"A Shanmugasundram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shanmugasundram A, Starns D, Bohme U, Amos B, Wilkinson PA, Harb OS, et al. TriTrypDB: an integrated functional genomics resource for kinetoplastida. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17(1):e0011058.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"14","key":"1244_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1754","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp324","volume":"25","author":"H Li","year":"2009","unstructured":"Li H, Durbin R. Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics. 2009;25(14):1754\u201360.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"2","key":"1244_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"giab008","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab008","volume":"10","author":"P Danecek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Danecek P, Bonfield JK, Liddle J, Marshall J, Ohan V, Pollard MO, et al. Twelve years of SAMtools and BCFtools. Gigascience. 2021;10(2):giab008.","journal-title":"Gigascience."},{"issue":"21","key":"1244_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4453","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btz305","volume":"35","author":"AM Kozlov","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kozlov AM, Darriba D, Flouri T, Morel B, Stamatakis A. RAxML-NG: a fast, scalable and user-friendly tool for maximum likelihood phylogenetic inference. Bioinformatics. 2019;35(21):4453\u20135.","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e96","DOI":"10.1002\/cpbi.96","volume":"69","author":"G Yu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yu G. Using ggtree to visualize data on tree-like structures. Curr Protoc Bioinformatics. 2020;69(1):e96.","journal-title":"Curr Protoc Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1086\/519795","volume":"81","author":"S Purcell","year":"2007","unstructured":"Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K, Thomas L, Ferreira MA, Bender D, et al. PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses. Am J Hum Genet. 2007;81(3):559\u201375.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00056-9","volume":"1","author":"E Uffelmann","year":"2021","unstructured":"Uffelmann E, Huang QQ, Munung NS, de Vries J, Okada Y, Martin AR, et al. Genome-wide association studies. Nature Rev Methods Primers. 2021;1(1):59.","journal-title":"Nature Rev Methods Primers"},{"issue":"43","key":"1244_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1686","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.01686","volume":"4","author":"H Wickham","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wickham H, Averick M, Bryan J, Chang W, McGowan LD, Fran\u00e7ois R, et al. Welcome to the tidyverse. J Open Sour Softw. 2019;4(43):1686.","journal-title":"J Open Sour Softw."},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.475","volume":"32","author":"JD Chulay","year":"1983","unstructured":"Chulay JD, Bryceson AD. Quantitation of amastigotes of Leishmania donovani in smears of splenic aspirates from patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1983;32(3):475\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0097121","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00971-21","volume":"12","author":"SU Franssen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Franssen SU, Takele Y, Adem E, Sanders MJ, Muller I, Kropf P, et al. Diversity and within-host evolution of Leishmania donovani from visceral leishmaniasis patients with and without HIV coinfection in Northern Ethiopia. MBio. 2021;12(3):e0097121.","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"1244_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12613","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.12613","volume":"5","author":"H Imamura","year":"2016","unstructured":"Imamura H, Downing T, Van den Broeck F, Sanders MJ, Rijal S, Sundar S, et al. Evolutionary genomics of epidemic visceral leishmaniasis in the Indian subcontinent. Elife. 2016;5:e12613.","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"7","key":"1244_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0131227","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131227","volume":"10","author":"L Krayter","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krayter L, Schnur LF, Schonian G. The genetic relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica revealed by comparing microsatellite profiles. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(7):e0131227.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1244_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)00216-9","volume":"239","author":"G Sch\u00f6nian","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6nian G, Akuffo H, Lewin S, Maasho K, Nylen S, Pratlong F, et al. Genetic variability within the species Leishmania aethiopica does not correlate with clinical variations of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mol Biochem Parasitol. 2000;239:239\u201348.","journal-title":"Mol Biochem Parasitol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-023-06057-9","volume":"16","author":"GA Amare","year":"2023","unstructured":"Amare GA, Mekonnen GG, Kassa M, Addisu A, Kendie DA, Tegegne B, et al. First report of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors. 2023;16(1):457.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.10.005","volume":"102","author":"EM Elamin","year":"2008","unstructured":"Elamin EM, Guizani I, Guerbouj S, Gramiccia M, El Hassan AM, Di Muccio T, et al. Identification of Leishmania donovani as a cause of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008;102(1):54\u20137.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"5","key":"1244_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(93)90101-U","volume":"87","author":"YB Mebrahtu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mebrahtu YB, Van Eys G, Guizani I, Lawyer PG, Pamba H, Koech D, et al. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani s.l. in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1993;87(5):598\u2013601.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1244_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90025-X","volume":"89","author":"F Pratlong","year":"1995","unstructured":"Pratlong F, Bastien P, Perello R, Lami P, Dedet JP. Human cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani sensu stricto in Yemen. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995;89(4):398\u20139.","journal-title":"Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"15","key":"1244_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2922","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/22.15.2922","volume":"22","author":"R Aly","year":"1994","unstructured":"Aly R, Argaman M, Halman S, Shapira M. A regulatory role for the 5\u2019 and 3\u2019 untranslated regions in differential expression of hsp83 in Leishmania. Nucleic Acids Res. 1994;22(15):2922\u20139.","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00959-09","volume":"78","author":"DA Vargas-Inchaustegui","year":"2010","unstructured":"Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Hogg AE, Tulliano G, Llanos-Cuentas A, Arevalo J, Endsley JJ, et al. CXCL10 production by human monocytes in response to Leishmania braziliensis infection. Infect Immun. 2010;78(1):301\u20138.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"11","key":"1244_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2014.0568","volume":"4","author":"PA Rees","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rees PA, Greaves NS, Baguneid M, Bayat A. Chemokines in wound healing and as potential therapeutic targets for reducing cutaneous scarring. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015;4(11):687\u2013703.","journal-title":"Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle)"},{"issue":"10","key":"1244_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3217","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103217","volume":"19","author":"A Ridiandries","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ridiandries A, Tan JTM, Bursill CA. The role of chemokines in wound healing. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(10):3217.","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"1244_CR59","first-page":"95","volume":"1","author":"Y Le","year":"2004","unstructured":"Le Y, Zhou Y, Iribarren P, Wang J. Chemokines and chemokine receptors: their manifold roles in homeostasis and disease. Cell Mol Immunol. 2004;1(2):95\u2013104.","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1244_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2009.01.007","volume":"70","author":"LR Castellano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castellano LR, Filho DC, Argiro L, Dessein H, Prata A, Dessein A, et al. Th1\/Th2 immune responses are associated with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and clinical cure is associated with strong interferon-gamma production. Hum Immunol. 2009;70(6):383\u201390.","journal-title":"Hum Immunol"},{"key":"1244_CR61","first-page":"481750","volume":"2014","author":"TT Espir","year":"2014","unstructured":"Espir TT, Figueira Lde P, Naiff Mde F, da Costa AG, Ramalho-Ortigao M, Malheiro A, et al. The role of inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory cytokines in patients infected with cutaneous leishmaniasis in Amazonas State. Brazil J Immunol Res. 2014;2014:481750.","journal-title":"Brazil J Immunol Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4358","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83991-7","volume":"11","author":"A Alberro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alberro A, Iribarren-Lopez A, Saenz-Cuesta M, Matheu A, Vergara I, Otaegui D. Inflammaging markers characteristic of advanced age show similar levels with frailty and dependency. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4358.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.2000.4894","volume":"96","author":"E Bandres","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bandres E, Merino J, Vazquez B, Inoges S, Moreno C, Subira ML, et al. The increase of IFN-gamma production through aging correlates with the expanded CD8(+high)CD28(-)CD57(+) subpopulation. Clin Immunol. 2000;96(3):230\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"1244_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2006.11.002","volume":"196","author":"EA Miles","year":"2008","unstructured":"Miles EA, Rees D, Banerjee T, Cazzola R, Lewis S, Wood R, et al. Age-related increases in circulating inflammatory markers in men are independent of BMI, blood pressure and blood lipid concentrations. Atherosclerosis. 2008;196(1):298\u2013305.","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"issue":"10","key":"1244_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1089\/107999099313127","volume":"19","author":"H Inadera","year":"1999","unstructured":"Inadera H, Egashira K, Takemoto M, Ouchi Y, Matsushima K. Increase in circulating levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 with aging. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 1999;19(10):1179\u201382.","journal-title":"J Interferon Cytokine Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"1244_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.62.3.837-842.1994","volume":"62","author":"PC Melby","year":"1994","unstructured":"Melby PC, Andrade-Narvaez FJ, Darnell BJ, Valencia-Pacheco G, Tryon VV, Palomo-Cetina A. Increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in chronic lesions of human cutaneous leishmaniasis. Infect Immun. 1994;62(3):837\u201342.","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"8","key":"1244_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0157919","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0157919","volume":"11","author":"Y Takele","year":"2016","unstructured":"Takele Y, Adem E, Getahun M, Tajebe F, Kiflie A, Hailu A, et al. Malnutrition in healthy individuals results in increased mixed cytokine profiles, altered neutrophil subsets and function. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(8):e0157919.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"1244_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00208-13","volume":"51","author":"M Jara","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jara M, Adaui V, Valencia BM, Martinez D, Alba M, Castrillon C, et al. Real-time PCR assay for detection and quantification of Leishmania (Viannia) organisms in skin and mucosal lesions: exploratory study of parasite load and clinical parameters. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(6):1826\u201333.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"1244_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1969.11686649","volume":"63","author":"A Lemma","year":"1969","unstructured":"Lemma A, Foster WA, Gemetchu T, Preston PM, Bryceson A, Minter DM. Studies on leishmaniasis in Ethiopia. I. Preliminary investigations into the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the highlands. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1969;63(4):455\u201372.","journal-title":"Ann Trop Med Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,17]],"date-time":"2024-10-17T02:05:57Z","timestamp":1729130757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1244"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01244-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 May 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 September 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 October 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Review Committee of the College of Science (RECCS), Bahir Dar University (RCSVD 002\/2011), the National Research Ethics Review Committee (ref. No MoSHE\/RD\/ 14.1\/10112\/2020) of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Ethiopia and Imperial College Research Ethics Committee (ICREC 18IC4593). Informed written consent was obtained from each participant.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate\u00a0"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"76"}}