{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:25:50Z","timestamp":1790803550522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PR00P3_179753 \/ 1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PR00P3_179753 \/ 1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Swiss Government Excellence Scholarships"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Elimination of schistosomiasis as a public health problem and interruption of transmission in selected areas are goals set by the World Health Organization for 2030. Behaviour change communication (BCC), coupled with other interventions, is considered an essential measure to reduce the transmission of Schistosoma<\/jats:italic> infection. Focusing on elimination, we assessed the 1-year impact of BCC interventions on schistosomiasis-related knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of schoolchildren in hotspot schools versus low-prevalence schools that did not receive the interventions.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Methods<\/jats:title>\n School-based cross-sectional surveys were implemented in 16 schools on Pemba Island, Tanzania, in 2020 and 2022, respectively. The schistosomiasis-related KAP were assessed in children attending grades 3\u20135, using pre-tested questionnaires. Between the surveys, in 2021, children from hotspot schools were exposed to BCC interventions. The difference in mean knowledge and attitude scores, respectively, between schoolchildren from hotspot and low-prevalence schools during the survey in 2022 was determined with a linear mixed-effect model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Results<\/jats:title>\n In the five hotspot schools that received BCC interventions, 315 children participated in the survey in 2020 and 349 in 2022. There was a 21.0% increase in children with\u00a0moderate knowledge and a 13.8% decrease in no knowledge; a 8.3% increase in good attitude and a 19.2% decrease in poor attitude; 3.4% and 3.2% fewer children reported to use waterbodies for washing clothes or body, respectively. In the 11 low-prevalence schools without BCC interventions, 778 children participated in 2020 and 732 in 2022. The percentage of children with\u00a0poor knowledge (56.4% and 63.1%) and poor attitude (55.3% and 53.1%) remained relatively stable from 2020 to 2022, but 4.9% and 3.0% less children reported to use waterbodies for washing clothes or their body, respectively. In 2022, the difference in mean knowledge scores was 0.8 [95% confidence interval (CI<\/jats:italic>): 0.5\u22121.1] and the difference in mean attitude scores was 0.6 (95% CI<\/jats:italic>: 0.4\u22120.7) between children in hotspot compared with low-prevalence schools.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n After one year of implementation, the BCC interventions markedly improved the KAP of exposed children. Complemented by improved access to clean water and sanitation, BCC holds promise to contribute successfully to the achievement of schistosomiasis control and elimination targets.<\/jats:p>\n Trial registration<\/jats:italic> ISRCTN, ISRCTN91431493. Registered 11 February. 2020, https:\/\/www.isrctn.com\/ISRCTN91431493<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T03:02:20Z","timestamp":1731466940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["One-year impact of behavioural interventions on schistosomiasis-related knowledge, attitude and practices of primary schoolchildren in Pemba, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"isrctn91431493","registry":"10.18810\/isrctn"}],"author":[{"given":"Naomi C.","family":"Ndum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Trippler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah O.","family":"Najim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anisa S.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Hattendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaali M.","family":"Ame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma","family":"Kabole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrg","family":"Utzinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Said M.","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5707-7963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefanie","family":"Knopp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"1251_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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BMC Public Health. 2019;19:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]],"date-time":"2024-11-13T03:04:37Z","timestamp":1731467077000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-024-01251-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"14 June 2024","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 October 2024","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 November 2024","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Before the onset of the SchistoBreak project in 2019, the study protocol received a waiver from the ethics committee of Switzerland (Ethikkommission Nordwest- und Zentralschweiz; EKNZ; project-ID: Req-2019\u201300951). The Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI) granted ethical approval of the study protocol and this was renewed every year. The latest extension was approved in March 2023 (ZAHREC\/04\/AMEND\/MARCH\/2023\/03). The study was registered at ISRCTN (ISCRCTN91431493) on 11 February 2020 (). All potential participants for this study were informed about the purpose and procedures of the study by the local research team. Upon selection, each child invited to participate in the study was provided with an information sheet detailing the study procedures and with an informed consent form (ICF) for their parents to sign. Only children who submitted an ICF signed by their parents were eligible to participate in the study. Children aged 12\u201317\u00a0years were additionally requested to sign an assent form for their participation. The local language Kiswahili was used for communication during information meetings, informed consent procedures and the questionnaire survey. All documents used for local application in the study were translated from English to Kiswahili with the support of the local research team and validated before use. All schoolchildren infected with S.\u00a0haematobium<\/i> were informed about their diagnostic results and offered praziquantel (40\u00a0mg\/kg oral dose) for treatment at no cost.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"J\u00fcrg Utzinger is a deputy Editor-in-Chief of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty<\/i>. He was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"84"}}