{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:28:36Z","timestamp":1777379316462,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019180","name":"HORIZON EUROPE European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["949963"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["949963"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019180","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007492","name":"Fondation Bettencourt Schueller","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007492","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Data suggest excess mortality is associated with loiasis, which is endemic to Central Africa, although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. We hypothesized that there could be an association between <jats:italic>Loa loa<\/jats:italic> microfilarial densities (MFD) and lower spleen volume (SV) due to micro-obstruction linked to circulating microfilariae (mf). This could result in functional hyposplenia and a higher burden of infections. Our objective was to investigate the impact of <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD and malaria on spleen\u2019s bi-dimensional dimensions, volume, and parenchymal lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We included 981 participants aged 18\u201388\u00a0years in a cross-sectional study conducted in May\u2013June 2022 in the Republic of the Congo. Centralized ultrasonographic examination was performed. The primary outcomes included SV, splenomegaly (cranio-caudal-distance\u2009\u2265\u200913\u00a0cm), and anatomical hyposplenia (AH) (SV\u2009\u2264\u200980,\u2009\u2264\u2009110 or\u2009\u2264\u2009150 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>). Blood samples were analyzed for <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD, <jats:italic>Plasmodium-<\/jats:italic>PCR, Anti-<jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic>-IgG, total IgM, sickle-cell disease status, and hematological abnormalities. Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess these associations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Among 981 participants, 139 (14.1%) had splenomegaly, and 26 (2.7%) and 175 (17.8%) had SV\u2009\u2264\u200980 and\u2009\u2264\u2009150 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively. <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> microfilariae were detected in 353 (35.6%) participants. A gradient effect was observed in each model, with the highest MFD (&gt;\u200930,000 mf\/ml) having the highest adjusted odds ratio of 17.94 (95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>: 2.91\u2013110.76, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002), 5.94 (95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>: 1.40\u201325.17, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.016), and 5.77 (95% <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>: 1.95\u201317.12, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.002) for SV\u2009\u2264\u200980, 110, and 150 cm<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>, respectively. Anti-<jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>-IgG levels were gradually associated with splenomegaly. Fourteen participants met the criterion for hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS). Conversely, higher <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD was correlated with AH, with an attributable fraction of 25%, and the presence of splenic parenchymal lesions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>This study provides a detailed description of spleen morphology and the factors influencing its size in a rural central African population. It demonstrates a strong association between <jats:italic>L. loa<\/jats:italic> MFD and reduced SV, suggesting that loiasis may lead to AH, and potentially to functional hyposplenia, with consequences such as increased susceptibility to bacterial infections. Malaria was associated with splenomegaly, with a figure of HMS consistent with estimates from other African countries.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01277-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,8]],"date-time":"2025-02-08T07:11:36Z","timestamp":1738998696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association between Loa loa microfilaremia and anatomical hyposplenia in a rural area of the Republic of Congo: a population-based cross-sectional study"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3800-6315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Boull\u00e9","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elodie","family":"Lebredonchel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9my T.","family":"Campillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Dupasquier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marlhand C.","family":"Hemilembolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00e9bastien D. 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