{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:41:44Z","timestamp":1791924104817,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["316892\/2023-8"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316892\/2023-8"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa do Distrito Federal","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["00193-00002136\/2023-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["00193-00002136\/2023-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88881.711954\/2022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.711954\/2022-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Helminthiases are neglected diseases that affect billions of people worldwide, particularly those with inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene practices, and limited access to clean water. Due to frequent underreporting, wastewater-based epidemiology has emerged as a valuable tool for monitoring parasitic infections at population-level. This study aimed to detect and quantify helminth eggs in untreated sewage sludge from eight wastewater treatment plants located in different Brazilian socioeconomic regions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The study was conducted from June 2021 to December 2023 in Goi\u00e1s and Federal District, the Brazilian federative unit with the highest income inequality. Samples were collected bimonthly (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009121). Helminth eggs were recovered using centrifugation and flotation with a ZnSO<jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub> solution (d\u2009=\u20091.30\u00a0g\/ml). After 21\u201328\u00a0days of incubation in sulfuric acid, viable eggs were identified and counted using a Sedgewick-Rafter Chamber under an optical microscope. Statistical analyses included One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey\u2019s multiple comparisons test to evaluate differences in helminth egg counts between low-, medium- and high-income regions.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Twelve helminth genera were identified, revealing significant differences in prevalence and diversity across socioeconomic strata. Cestode eggs, particularly <jats:italic>Hymenolepis<\/jats:italic> spp. (44.28%), were the most prevalent overall. Trematode eggs were less frequent but exhibited greater taxonomic diversity. Sludge from low-income areas had the highest egg concentration [16.61\u2009\u00b1\u20093.02\u00a0eggs per gram of dry mass ( eggs\/g DM)], nearly five times greater than in high-income areas such as Bras\u00edlia Norte (3.56\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55 eggs\/g DM; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20098.8\u2009\u00d7\u200910\u207b\u2079). <jats:italic>Ascaris<\/jats:italic> spp. (19.27%) and <jats:italic>Trichuris<\/jats:italic> spp. (7.90%) predominated in low-income areas. Medium-income regions showed intermediate values, with notable regional variation.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our results demonstrate that helminth egg diversity and concentration in sewage sludge are closely related to the socioeconomic characteristics of the served population. These findings may inform prevention and control strategies in vulnerable areas and support the development of public health and sanitation policies that address social and environmental inequalities in Brazil\u2019s Central-Western region.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T06:51:30Z","timestamp":1749624690000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Wastewater-based epidemiological study on helminth egg detection in untreated sewage sludge from Brazilian regions with unequal income"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0141-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrey Duarte","family":"Boava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto Jorge","family":"da Rocha Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula Beatriz","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Dias","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela Cunha","family":"Coelho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivana Mirtes Feu","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Barbosa","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia Souza","family":"Sobrinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1788-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla Nunes","family":"de Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2785-4255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela Marques Dourado","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"1314_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI34261","volume":"118","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hotez PJ, Brindley PJ, Bethony JM, King CH, Pearce EJ, Jacobson J. Helminth infections: the great neglected tropical diseases. J Clin Invest. 2008;118:1311\u201321.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"1314_CR2","unstructured":"WHO. Soil-transmitted helminth infections. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections. Accessed 12 April 2024."},{"key":"1314_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2003.10.002","volume":"19","author":"NR de Silva","year":"2003","unstructured":"de Silva NR, Brooker S, Hotez PJ, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L. Soil-transmitted helminth infections: updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol. 2003;19:547\u201351.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1314_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0011496","volume":"17","author":"S Lebu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lebu S, Kibone W, Muoghalu CC, Ochaya S, Salzberg A, Bongomin F, et al. Soil-transmitted helminths: a critical review of the impact of co-infections and implications for control and elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2023;17: e0011496.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-440","volume":"7","author":"F Chammartin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Chammartin F, Guimar\u00e3es LH, Scholte RG, Bavia ME, Utzinger J, Vounatsou P. Spatio-temporal distribution of soil-transmitted helminth infections in Brazil. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7:440.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1314_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0033","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0033-2021","volume":"54","author":"AO Celestino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Celestino AO, Vieira SCF, Lima PAS, Rodrigues LMCL, Lopes IRS, Fran\u00e7a CM, et al. Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Brazil: a systematic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2021;54:e0033-2021.","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182016002341","volume":"144","author":"FR Martins-Melo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Martins-Melo FR, Ramos AN, Alencar CH, Lima MS, Heukelbach J. Epidemiology of soil-transmitted helminthiases-related mortality in Brazil. Parasitology. 2017;144:669\u201379.","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"1314_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.81696","volume":"3","author":"L Mascarini-Serra","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mascarini-Serra L. Prevention of soil-transmitted helminth infection. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3:175.","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR9","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Preventive chemotherapy in human helminthiasis\u2013coordinated use of anthelminthic drugs in control interventions. Geneva; 2006. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9241547103. Accessed 20 April 2024."},{"key":"1314_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-022-01038-z","volume":"11","author":"C Holland","year":"2022","unstructured":"Holland C, Sepidarkish M, Deslyper G, Abdollahi A, Valizadeh S, Mollalo A, et al. Global prevalence of Ascaris infection in humans (2010\u20132021): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Infect Dis Poverty. 2022;11:113.","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"key":"1314_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2616","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2010.535","volume":"62","author":"C Maya","year":"2010","unstructured":"Maya C, Ortiz M, Jim\u00e9nez B. Viability of Ascaris and other helminth genera non larval eggs in different conditions of temperature, lime (pH) and humidity. Water Sci Technol. 2010;62:2616\u201324.","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"key":"1314_CR12","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Uso Agr\u00edcola de Lodo de Esgoto: avalia\u00e7\u00e3o ap\u00f3s a Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o n 375 do CONAMA","author":"V Thomaz-Soccol","year":"2010","unstructured":"Thomaz-Soccol V, Paulino RC, Pereira JT, Castro EA, Costa AO, Henning L, et al. Organismos patog\u00eanicos presentes em lodo de esgoto a ser aplicado no solo e a Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o no 375 do CONAMA. In: Coscione AR, Nogueira TAR, Pires AMM, editors., et al., Uso Agr\u00edcola de Lodo de Esgoto: avalia\u00e7\u00e3o ap\u00f3s a Resolu\u00e7\u00e3o n 375 do CONAMA. 1st ed. Botocatu: FEPAF; 2010. p. 83\u2013111 (In Portuguese).","edition":"1"},{"key":"1314_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000177","volume":"2","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hotez PJ. The giant anteater in the room: Brazil\u2019s neglected tropical diseases problem. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2: e177.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.210","volume":"20","author":"MRF Barbosa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Barbosa MRF, Garcia SC, de Bruni AC, Machado FS, de Oliveira RX, Dropa M, et al. One-year surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater from vulnerable urban communities in metropolitan S\u00e3o Paulo Brazil. J Water Health. 2022;20:471\u201390.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"1314_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.160498","volume":"860","author":"JC de Ara\u00fajo","year":"2023","unstructured":"de Ara\u00fajo JC, Madeira CL, Bressani T, Leal C, Leroy D, Machado EC, et al. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater samples from hospitals treating COVID-19 patients during the first wave of the pandemic in Brazil. Sci Total Environ. 2023;860: 160498.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1314_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146198","volume":"778","author":"G Fongaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Fongaro G, Stoco PH, Souza DSM, Grisard EC, Magri ME, Rogovski P, et al. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in human sewage in Santa Catarina, Brazil, November 2019. Sci Total Environ. 2021;778: 146198.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1314_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127456","volume":"424","author":"MJ Wade","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wade MJ, Lo Jacomo A, Armenise E, Brown MR, Bunce JT, Cameron GJ, et al. Understanding and managing uncertainty and variability for wastewater monitoring beyond the pandemic: lessons learned from the United Kingdom national COVID-19 surveillance programmes. J Hazard Mater. 2022;424: 127456.","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"key":"1314_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm7036a2","volume":"70","author":"AE Kirby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kirby AE, Walters MS, Jennings WC, Fugitt R, LaCross N, Mattioli M, et al. Using wastewater surveillance data to support the COVID-19 response\u2014United States, 2020\u20132021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:1242\u20134.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"1314_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2020.100157","volume":"10","author":"J Trottier","year":"2020","unstructured":"Trottier J, Darques R, Ait Mouheb N, Partiot E, Bakhache W, Deffieu MS, et al. Post-lockdown detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the wastewater of Montpellier. France One Health. 2020;10: 100157.","journal-title":"France One Health"},{"key":"1314_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.06.030","volume":"361","author":"KG Karthikeyan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Karthikeyan KG, Meyer MT. Occurrence of antibiotics in wastewater treatment facilities in Wisconsin, USA. Sci Total Environ. 2006;361:196\u2013207.","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"1314_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-14","volume":"4","author":"E Zuccato","year":"2005","unstructured":"Zuccato E, Chiabrando C, Castiglioni S, Calamari D, Bagnati R, Schiarea S, et al. Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse. Environ Health. 2005;4:14.","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"1314_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060221","volume":"8","author":"AC Singer","year":"2013","unstructured":"Singer AC, J\u00e4rhult JD, Grabic R, Khan GA, Fedorova G, Fick J, et al. Compliance to Oseltamivir among two populations in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom affected by influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, november 2009\u2013a waste water epidemiology study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8: e60221.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1314_CR23","unstructured":"Instituto de Pesquisa Econ\u00f4mica Aplicada (IPEA). Situa\u00e7\u00e3o Social nos Estados: Distrito Federal. 2012. https:\/\/portalantigo.ipea.gov.br\/agencia\/images\/stories\/PDFs\/situacao_social\/120119_relatorio_situacaosocial_df.pdf. Accessed 10 April 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR24","unstructured":"Brazilian Statistics Institute (IBGE). Censo Demogr\u00e1fico 2022: Popula\u00e7\u00e3o e Domic\u00edlios - Primeiros Resultados. Rio de Janeiro; 2023. https:\/\/biblioteca.ibge.gov.br\/index.php\/biblioteca-catalogo?view=detalhes&id=2102011. Accessed 10 April 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822001000500004","volume":"34","author":"RC Paulino","year":"2001","unstructured":"Paulino RC, Castro EA, Thomaz-Soccol V. Tratamento anaer\u00f3bio de esgoto e sua efici\u00eancia na redu\u00e7\u00e3o da viabilidade de ovos de helmintos. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2001;34:421\u20138 (In Portuguese)","journal-title":"Rev Soc Bras Med Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/09603123.2012.733939","volume":"23","author":"VK Bastos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bastos VK, Cutolo SA, Doria MDCO, Razzolini MTP. Detection and quantification of viable Ascaris sp. and other helminth eggs in sewage sludge. Int J Environ Health Res. 2013;23:352\u201362.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"1314_CR27","unstructured":"Companhia de Saneamento Ambiental do Distrito Federal (CAESB). Plano de Explora\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os da CAESB: Diagn\u00f3stico e Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o. Bras\u00edlia; 2021. https:\/\/www.adasa.df.gov.br\/images\/storage\/legislacao\/Res_ADASA\/2022\/Tomo\/Tomo%202%20-%20Diagn%C3%B3stico%20e%20Caracteriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20(1).pdf. Accessed 05 April 2024."},{"key":"1314_CR28","unstructured":"Federal District Government. Pesquisa Distrital por Amostra de Domic\u00edlios (PDAD) - 2021. Bras\u00edlia; 2022. https:\/\/www.codeplan.df.gov.br\/pdad-2021-3\/. Accessed 07 April 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR29","unstructured":"Tchobanoglous G, Burton FL, Stensel HD. Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse. 4th ed. McGraw-Hill Companies; 2003."},{"key":"1314_CR30","unstructured":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Normas T\u00e9cnicas (ABNT). ABNT NBR 10007: amostragem de res\u00edduos s\u00f3lidos. 2004. https:\/\/wp.ufpel.edu.br\/residuos\/files\/2014\/04\/nbr-10007-amostragem-de-resc3adduos-sc3b3lidos.pdf. Accessed 10 April 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR31","unstructured":"Yanko WA. Occurrence of pathogens in distribution and marketing municipal sludges. Cincinnati; 1987. https:\/\/nepis.epa.gov\/Exe\/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=2000TRVA.TXT. Accessed 12 April 2024."},{"key":"1314_CR32","unstructured":"Thomaz-Soccol V, Paulino RC, Castro EA. Metodologia de an\u00e1lise parasitol\u00f3gica em lodo de esgoto e esgoto. In: Andreoli CV, Bonnet BRP, editors. Manual de m\u00e9todos para an\u00e1lises microbiol\u00f3gicas e parasitol\u00f3gicas em reciclagem agr\u00edcola de lodo de esgoto. Curitiba: Companhia de Saneamento do Paran\u00e1 (SANEPAR); 1998. p. 27\u201341. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR33","first-page":"122","volume":"3","author":"L Aguilar-Marcelino","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aguilar-Marcelino L, Aguilar-Figueroa BR, Oropeza-Guzm\u00e1n G, Mendoza-Galvez B, Bautista-Garfias CR, Viladomat GRC. Hymenolepiasis. Int J Agric Biosci. 2023;3:122\u20137.","journal-title":"Int J Agric Biosci"},{"key":"1314_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montgomery SP, Sapp SGH. Diphyllobothriidae, Dipylidium and Hymenolepis Species. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Elsevier; 2023. p. 1431\u20131435.e1.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-75608-2.00279-2"},{"key":"1314_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panti-May JA, Rodr\u00edguez-Vivas RI, Garc\u00eda-Prieto L, Servi\u00e1n A, Costa F. Worldwide overview of human infections with Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasitol Res. Springer; 2020. p. 1997\u20132004.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-06663-x"},{"key":"1314_CR36","unstructured":"Katz N. Inqu\u00e9rito Nacional de Preval\u00eancia da Esquistossomose mansoni e Geo-helmintoses. Belo Horizonte; 2018. http:\/\/tabnet.datasus.gov.br\/cgi\/sinan\/INPEG\/INPEG-nota-tecnica.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR37","unstructured":"Brazilian Ministry of Health. Epidemiological Report\u2013Neglected tropical diseases. Bras\u00edlia; 2021 Mar. https:\/\/www.gov.br\/saude\/pt-br\/centrais-de-conteudo\/publicacoes\/boletins\/epidemiologicos\/especiais\/2021\/boletim_especial_doencas_negligenciadas.pdf\/view. Accessed 20 May 2024. (In Portuguese)"},{"key":"1314_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2003.09.013","volume":"38","author":"KL Nelson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Nelson KL, Cisneros BJ, Tchobanoglous G, Darby JL. Sludge accumulation, characteristics, and pathogen inactivation in four primary waste stabilization ponds in central Mexico. Water Res. 2004;38:111\u201327.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1314_CR39","first-page":"153","volume":"39","author":"P Hor\u00e1k","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hor\u00e1k P. Helminth eggs in the sludge from three sewage treatment plants in Czechoslovakia. Folia Parasitol. 1992;39:153\u20137.","journal-title":"Folia Parasitol"},{"key":"1314_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19031657","volume":"19","author":"S Sabbahi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sabbahi S, Ben Ayed L, Trad M, Berndtsson R, Karanis P. Parasitological assessment of sewage sludge samples for potential agricultural Reuse in Tunisia. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19:1657.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1314_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10988","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-017-1066-z","volume":"25","author":"B El Hayany","year":"2018","unstructured":"El Hayany B, El Glaoui GEM, Rihanni M, Ezzariai A, El Faiz A, El Gharous M, et al. Effect of dewatering and composting on helminth eggs removal from lagooning sludge under semi-arid climate. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2018;25:10988\u201396.","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res"},{"key":"1314_CR42","unstructured":"Theis JH, Bolton V, Storm DR. Helminth ova in soil and sludge from Twelve U.S. Urban Areas. J Water Pollut Control Fed. 1978;50:2485\u201393. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/25040180. Accessed on 22 April 2024."},{"key":"1314_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rocha MCV da, Bar\u00e9s ME, Braga MCB. Quantification of viable helminth eggs in samples of sewage sludge. Water Res. Elsevier Ltd; 2016. p. 245\u201355.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.07.039"},{"key":"1314_CR44","first-page":"35","volume":"21","author":"J D\u0105browska","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u0105browska J, Zdybel J, Karamon J, Kochanowski M, Stojecki K, Cencek T, et al. Assessment of viability of the nematode eggs (Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichuris) in sewage sludge with the use of LIVE\/DEAD Bacterial Viability Kit. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2014;21:35\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"1314_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3903","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.04.033","volume":"46","author":"ME Sengupta","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sengupta ME, Andersen TJ, Dalsgaard A, Olsen A, Thamsborg SM. Resuspension and settling of helminth eggs in water: Interactions with cohesive sediments. Water Res. 2012;46:3903\u201312.","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"1314_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(97)01150-2","volume":"14","author":"HV Smith","year":"1998","unstructured":"Smith HV, Rose JB. Waterborne cryptosporidiosis: current status. Parasitol Today. 1998;14:14\u201322.","journal-title":"Parasitol Today"},{"key":"1314_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00135-3","volume":"84","author":"J Keiser","year":"2002","unstructured":"Keiser J, N\u2019Goran EK, Singer BH, Lengeler C, Tanner M, Utzinger J. Association between Schistosoma mansoni and hookworm infections among schoolchildren in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Acta Trop. 2002;84:31\u201341.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-2276.2003.01120.x","volume":"8","author":"L-A Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Tchuem Tchuent\u00e9 L-A, Behnke JM, Gilbert FS, Southgate VR, Vercruysse J. Polyparasitism with Schistosoma haematobium and soil-transmitted helminth infections among school children in Loum. Cameroon Trop Med Int Health. 2003;8:975\u201386.","journal-title":"Cameroon Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1314_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3859-2","volume":"16","author":"Z Mekonnen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mekonnen Z, Suleman S, Biruksew A, Tefera T, Chelkeba L. Intestinal polyparasitism with special emphasis to soil-transmitted helminths among residents around Gilgel Gibe Dam, Southwest Ethiopia: a community based survey. BMC Public Health. 2016;16:1185.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1314_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.03.019","volume":"171","author":"J Madinga","year":"2017","unstructured":"Madinga J, Polman K, Kanobana K, van Lieshout L, Brienen E, Praet N, et al. Epidemiology of polyparasitism with Taenia solium, schistosomes and soil-transmitted helminths in the co-endemic village of Malanga, Democratic Republic of Congo. Acta Trop. 2017;171:186\u201393.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.77292","volume":"3","author":"W Sorensen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sorensen W, Cappello M, Bell D, DiFedele L, Brown M. Poly-helminth infection in east guatemalan school children. J Glob Infect Dis. 2011;3:25.","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2005.01541.x","volume":"11","author":"FM Fleming","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fleming FM, Brooker S, Geiger SM, Caldas IR, Correa-Oliveira R, Hotez PJ, et al. Synergistic associations between hookworm and other helminth species in a rural community in Brazil. Trop Med Int Health. 2006;11:56\u201364.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1314_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000245","volume":"2","author":"AE Ezeamama","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ezeamama AE, McGarvey ST, Acosta LP, Zierler S, Manalo DL, Wu H-W, et al. The synergistic effect of concomitant schistosomiasis, hookworm, and Trichuris infections on children\u2019s Anemia Burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008;2: e245.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2010.02.010","volume":"115","author":"N Midzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Midzi N, Mtapuri-Zinyowera S, Mapingure MP, Sangweme D, Chirehwa MT, Brouwer KC, et al. Consequences of polyparasitism on anaemia among primary school children in Zimbabwe. Acta Trop. 2010;115:103\u201311.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2015.10.015","volume":"154","author":"RBG Azeredo-Coutinho","year":"2016","unstructured":"Azeredo-Coutinho RBG, Pimentel MI, Zanini GM, Madeira MF, Cataldo JI, Schubach AO, et al. Intestinal helminth coinfection is associated with mucosal lesions and poor response to therapy in American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop. 2016;154:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1314_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1086\/509808","volume":"195","author":"SE O\u2019Neal","year":"2007","unstructured":"O\u2019Neal SE, Guimar\u00e3es LH, Machado PR, Alc\u00e2ntara L, Morgan DJ, Passos S, et al. Influence of helminth infections on the clinical course of and immune response to Leishmania braziliensis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. J Infect Dis. 2007;195:142\u20138.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2006.00918.x","volume":"28","author":"G Borkow","year":"2006","unstructured":"Borkow G, Bentwich Z. HIV and helminth co-infection: is deworming necessary? Parasite Immunol. 2006;28:605\u201312.","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol"},{"key":"1314_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2005.06.011","volume":"21","author":"P Druilhe","year":"2005","unstructured":"Druilhe P, Tall A, Sokhna C. Worms can worsen malaria: towards a new means to roll back malaria? Trends Parasitol. 2005;21:359\u201362.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1314_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000189846.90946.5d","volume":"19","author":"M Gallagher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gallagher M, Malhotra I, Mungai PL, Wamachi AN, Kioko JM, Ouma JH, et al. The effects of maternal helminth and malaria infections on mother-to-child HIV transmission. AIDS. 2005;19:1849\u201355.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"1314_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-38030-y","volume":"13","author":"K Akanksha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Akanksha K, Kumari A, Dutta O, Prasanth A, Deeba F, Salam N. Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminth infections in HIV patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2023;13:11055.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1314_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-81","volume":"5","author":"RL Pullan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Pullan RL, Brooker SJ. The global limits and population at risk of soil-transmitted helminth infections in 2010. Parasit Vectors. 2012;5:81.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"key":"1314_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3712","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_383_20","volume":"9","author":"R Dhaka","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dhaka R, Verma R, Parmar A, Chayal V, Kalhan M, Bhalla K, et al. Association between the socioeconomic determinants and soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school-going children in a rural area of Haryana. J Family Med Prim Care. 2020;9:3712.","journal-title":"J Family Med Prim Care"},{"key":"1314_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-021-00602-7","volume":"79","author":"KIH Mingoti Poague","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mingoti Poague KIH, Mingoti SA, Heller L. Association between water and sanitation and soil-transmitted helminthiases: Analysis of the Brazilian National Survey of Prevalence (2011\u20132015). Arch Pub Health. 2021;79:83.","journal-title":"Arch Pub Health"},{"key":"1314_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-777X.62872","volume":"2","author":"S Wani","year":"2010","unstructured":"Wani S, Ahmad F, Zargar S, Amin A, Dar Z, Dar P. Intestinal helminthiasis in children of Gurez valley of Jammu and Kashmir State, India. J Glob Infect Dis. 2010;2:91.","journal-title":"J Glob Infect Dis"},{"key":"1314_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2022.026","volume":"20","author":"K Robins","year":"2022","unstructured":"Robins K, Leonard AFC, Farkas K, Graham DW, Jones DL, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, et al. Research needs for optimising wastewater-based epidemiology monitoring for public health protection. J Water Health. 2022;20:1284\u2013313.","journal-title":"J Water Health"},{"key":"1314_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1233891","volume":"24","author":"K Jaromin-Gle\u0144","year":"2017","unstructured":"Jaromin-Gle\u0144 K, K\u0142ape\u0107 T, \u0141ag\u00f3d G, Karamon J, Malicki J, Skowro\u0144ska A, et al. Division of methods for counting helminths\u2019 eggs and the problem of efficiency of these methods. Ann Agric Environ Med. 2017;24:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med"},{"key":"1314_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.2307\/3281005","volume":"68","author":"ED David","year":"1982","unstructured":"David ED, Lindquist WD. Determination of the specific gravity of certain helminth eggs using sucrose density gradient centrifugation. J Parasitol. 1982;68:916\u20139.","journal-title":"J Parasitol"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T12:05:16Z","timestamp":1749643516000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1314"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01314-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 January 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 May 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"AJRS, BDB, DCC, IMFS, PBM, and PSS are employees at CAESB, Brazil: stipend. The remaining authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"46"}}