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However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these biological characteristics remain poorly understood. This study aimed to generate a high-quality genome assembly and characterize the genetic basis of vector competence and environmental adaptation in <jats:italic>Ar. subalbatus<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We sequenced and assembled the <jats:italic>Ar. subalbatus<\/jats:italic> genome using Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing, Illumina short-read sequencing, and Hi-C technology. Comparative genomic analysis was performed to identify gene families related to detoxification, diapause, innate immunity, and sex determination. Gene structure analysis focused on the male-determining factor and its evolutionary relationships with other mosquito vectors.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>The genome assembly consists of three chromosomes, with a total size of 1.33 Gbp and an N50 of 430.15 Mbp (GenBank assembly: GCA_024139115.2), displaying 99.4% Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Orthologs (BUSCO) completeness. We identified the gene structure of the male-determining factor (<jats:italic>AsuMf<\/jats:italic>) and characterized its evolutionary relationship with other mosquito vectors. The analysis revealed expanded detoxification-related gene families including cytochrome P450s, which may facilitate adaptation to contaminated breeding sites. We characterized 566 putative diapause-related genes that could potentially contribute to geographical expansion, 334 innate immune genes, and 1673 endogenous viral elements, indicating complex virus-host interactions throughout evolution.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study provides insights into the molecular basis of vector competence and adaptation in <jats:italic>Ar. subalbatus<\/jats:italic>. The expanded detoxification gene families may enable the species to survive in polluted environments, while the identified diapause-related genes could explain its geographical expansion capabilities. These findings establish a foundation for developing novel vector control strategies targeting this emerging disease vector.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01353-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]],"date-time":"2025-08-08T07:28:54Z","timestamp":1754638134000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Insights on the sex determination, vector capacity and ecological biology from a chromosomal level genome of vector mosquito, Armigeres subulbatus"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Peiwen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao-Ran","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinbao","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohong","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenqiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7927-691X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiao-Guang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1353_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.1668.1.28","volume":"1668","author":"RE Harbach","year":"2007","unstructured":"Harbach RE. 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