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However, concerns that accidental release of infected females could drive population replacement have prompted integration of IIT with irradiation or advanced sex-separation technologies. Moreover, the broader ecological consequences of IIT-based suppression remain insufficiently understood. Here, we investigated whether standalone IIT, leveraging <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-associated fitness costs under real-world conditions, can effectively suppress <jats:italic>Aedes albopictus<\/jats:italic> populations without causing replacement, while also addressing key ecological concerns related to IIT-based mosquito population suppression.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We conducted field trials on Shazai Island, Nansha District, Guangzhou, China, releasing approximately 16,000 <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>\n              <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Pip-transinfected <jats:italic>A.\u00a0albopictus<\/jats:italic>\u00a0HC males per hectare per week from 2018 to 2019, following three\u00a0years of combined IIT and sterile insect technique\u00a0(SIT) application. Population suppression was monitored, with <jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic>Pip infection frequency assessed to evaluate population replacement risks. Two-dimensional system of ordinary differential equations incorporating <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-induced fitness costs was established to predict population dynamics. Additionally, we assessed female mating preferences after three years of suppression and the impact on non-target <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> populations.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>We offer both empirical evidence and a mathematical model, demonstrating that the fitness costs associated with a <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> triple-strain infection in <jats:italic>A. albopictus<\/jats:italic>, especially in adverse field conditions, empower a standalone IIT to effectively suppress mosquito populations without causing population replacement. Remarkably, reducing the previous release numbers to just 20% sustained a similar suppression level. We found no evidence of changes in female mating preferences after a three-year field suppression. The suppression of <jats:italic>A. albopictus<\/jats:italic> does not impact the population of the coexisting nontarget species <jats:italic>C. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>. After stopping releases, the population rebounded partially in Year 1 and appeared to fully recover in Year 2, with the rate of this recovery likely influenced by mosquito immigration associated with population flow.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n            <jats:p>Our study demonstrates the robustness, cost-effectiveness, scalability, and ecological safety of IIT as a tool for controlling mosquito-borne diseases. These findings support the implementation of field-applicable, low-dose IIT for sustainable dengue control.<\/jats:p>\n          <\/jats:sec>\n          <jats:sec>\n            <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T23:03:03Z","timestamp":1758668583000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ecological dynamics of field Aedes albopictus populations under Wolbachia-mediated suppression"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yongjun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Tao","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongkang","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linchao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingyang","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renxian","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianshe","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moxun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ary A.","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7786-012X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Xi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"1367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30161-6","volume":"19","author":"LHV Franklinos","year":"2019","unstructured":"Franklinos LHV, Jones KE, Redding DW, Abubakar I. 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Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):63.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T23:03:06Z","timestamp":1758668586000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/idpjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1367"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-025-01367-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 June 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 September 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"24 September 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The field trial was authorized by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People\u2019s Republic of China (SY2019092). Mosquito blood feeding was performed according to a protocol approved by the Jinan University Laboratory Animal Ethics Committee (Approval Number: 20220220-01). The Science Ethics Committee of Guangzhou University approved the human landing method protocol for collecting female mosquitoes in the field. Consent to participate is not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"J.G., Y.Liang., Y.W., R.G., X.W. and Z.X. were\u00a0affiliated with Guangzhou Wolbaki Biotech Co., Ltd at the time they performed research\u00a0for this study.\u00a0The other\u00a0authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"96"}}