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The distribution of schistosomiasis is closely linked to the distribution of its snail intermediate host. This study aims to assess the potential of using soil samples to detect the environmental presence of\n                      <jats:italic>Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This cross-sectional observational study utilized a soil-based environmental DNA (eDNA) detection system for simultaneous detection of\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      mitochondrially encoded cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene in multiplex quantitative real-time PCR and digital PCR platforms. A two-phase sample collection and testing were carried out in December 2023 (Phase 1) and March 2024 (Phase 2) across 30 selected sampling sites in Ekiran village, Leyte, Philippines. Wilcoxon two-sample\/Mann-Whitney U test was used to determine whether there was a significant difference in eDNA presence and edaphic factors, while percent agreement was used to assess the concordance among methods.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study reveals that\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      eDNA can be detected in soil samples and confirms the strong applicability of soil-based eDNA for detecting\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      snails and even in sites without visible snail presence. Furthermore, it demonstrates the superiority of soil-eDNA system compared to classical malacological surveys in detecting\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      microhabitats: in Phase 1, eDNA detected\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 50% (3\/6) and 66.67% (4\/6) of sites, respectively, while malacological surveys detected them in only 50% and 16.67% (1\/6) of sites. In Phase 2, eDNA detected\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      in 20% (6\/30) of sites compared to only 10% (3\/30) by malacological survey, and\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      was detected only by eDNA in 10% (3\/30) of sites. Among the measured soil parameters, only pH showed a statistically significant difference between eDNA-positive and eDNA-negative sites (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Soil-based eDNA sensitively detected\n                      <jats:italic>O. h. quadrasi<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      , enabling scalable, non-invasive transmission site identification and outperforming traditional surveys without visible snails. Its ability to detect\n                      <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic>\n                      highlights its value for comprehensive schistosomiasis monitoring.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01374-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T10:04:07Z","timestamp":1761818647000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Soil-based environmental DNA enables detection of Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi and Schistosoma japonicum microhabitats for schistosomiasis japonica surveillance and control in the Philippines"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Joseph E.","family":"Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9204-0602","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello Otake","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark June","family":"Revolteado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phoyphaylinh","family":"Prasayasith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Jiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonor A.","family":"Cervantes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph N.","family":"Aniceto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marianette","family":"Inobaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren J.","family":"Gray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine A.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia R.","family":"Leonardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasuhito","family":"Sako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megumi","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"1374_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed4010040","volume":"4","author":"CA Gordon","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gordon CA, Kurscheid J, Williams GM, et al. 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