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Nowadays, increasing human mobility raises the risk of\n                      <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      dissemination. Therefore, this study aims to elucidate the genetic variation and structure of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in China and develop molecular tools for tracing its geographic origins, which could aid in schistosomiasis prevention and control.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We collected 290\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      individuals from Shenzhen City (GDSZ,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009171), Dongguan City (GDDG,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200965), and Hong Kong (HK,\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200954). Double digest restriction associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing was applied to genotype the samples. A subset of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was validated by the Sequenom MassARRAY iPLEX assay. The MaxEnt model was employed to predict suitable habitats for\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in China under current and future climate conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Analysis of ddRAD sequencing data led to the identification of 80 high-confidence SNPs.\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      from GDSZ exhibited higher genetic diversity than those from other locations. The total observed heterozygosity (\n                      <jats:italic>Ho<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.35) was higher than the total expected heterozygosity (\n                      <jats:italic>He<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.26), resulting in a\u00a0negative inbreeding coefficient (\n                      <jats:italic>Fis<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u00a00.35), indicating that outbreeding has dominated the recent genetic history of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Pairwise genetic distance (\n                      <jats:italic>Fst<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and number of effective migrants (\n                      <jats:italic>Nm<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&gt;\u20094) indicated low genetic differentiation. The populations in GDSZ, GDDG and HK were genetically similar, with the first two being more closely related. Three high-quality SNPs displayed distinct geographical population specificity and could serve as geographically specific SNP markers. The MaxEnt model predicted an expansion of suitable habitats for\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in China under future climate conditions. High invasion risk in Hainan Province, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Taiwan Province warrants attention.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study provides the first genome-wide insights into the population structure and genetic diversity of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in China. The populations are genetically similar, suggesting a common invasion source. Applying the geographically specific SNPs could enable rapid prediction of the geographic origin of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      in future invasion events. Future climate conditions are likely to facilitate the spread of\n                      <jats:italic>B. straminea<\/jats:italic>\n                      , increasing the risk of schistosomiasis transmission in China.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-025-01411-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T01:51:12Z","timestamp":1768441872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Invasive patterns of Biomphalaria straminea revealed by genetic mapping in the Greater Bay Area, China"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2783-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Yu","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yun-Fei","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hai-Mo","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-Hu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Yue","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1411_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0492-6","volume":"7","author":"Y Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang Y, Huang SY, Pei FQ, Chen Y, Jiang QW, Deng ZH, et al. 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