{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T03:59:28Z","timestamp":1771127968823,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["72474073, 72174068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["72474073, 72174068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Treating drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) is clinically complex and economically burdensome compared to drug-susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB). China\u2019s diagnosis-intervention packet payment system initially omitted risk adjustment for drug resistance. In 2022, a diagnosis-intervention packet (DIP)-pilot city implemented such adjustment, establishing distinct reimbursement standards for DR-TB and DS-TB. This study aimed to assess the impact of this DR-type risk adjustment on medical expenditures, treatment efficiency, and care quality for TB patients.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n A quasi-experimental difference-in-differences design was employed, involving 8465\u00a0TB patients from June 2021 to December 2023. Linear regression was performed with time and treat fixed effects and the interaction term between time and treat. Subgroup analyses for DR-TB and DS-TB patients were conducted.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Under the DIP system, risk adjustment led to marginally significant reductions in inpatient expenditure per hospitalization [\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u2009151.14,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.065; 95% confidence interval (\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n ) for difference in proportions: \u2212\u2009311.66, 9.38] and in annual total inpatient expenditure per patient (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u2009200.58,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u20090.078, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\u2009423.26, 22.10) for all TB patients. It also resulted in significant reductions in inpatient out-of-pocket per hospitalization (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u2009257.51,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\u2009316.20, \u2212\u2009198.81), annual total inpatient out-of-pocket per patient (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u2009266.78,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\u2009342.02, \u2212\u2009191.53), inpatient length of stay per hospitalization (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20093.58,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\u20094.53, \u2212\u20092.62), and annual total length of stay per patient (\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009=\u2009\u2212\u20093.21,\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.001, 95%\n CI<\/jats:italic>\n \u2212\u20094.50, \u2212\u20091.92). For DR-TB patients, all outcome measures in expenditures, efficiency, or care quality showed\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009>\u20090.1, indicating no significant changes. For DS-TB patients, measures of expenditures and efficiency showed\n P<\/jats:italic>\n \u2009<\u20090.1, supporting significant or marginally significant reductions.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The DR-type risk adjustment policy under China\u2019s diagnosis-intervention packet system proved effective in optimizing resource use and enhancing efficiency, particularly for DS-TB patients, while preserving care quality for DR-TB patients. These findings demonstrate the value of tailored risk adjustment within payment frameworks for heterogeneous diseases like tuberculosis, providing crucial evidence for optimizing TB care and implementing effective payment reforms in China and similar settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01423-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T02:17:08Z","timestamp":1771121828000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impact of risk adjustment for drug-resistant types on tuberculosis patients\u2019 outcomes under China\u2019s innovative payment methods: a quasi-experimental study design"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mengyuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingbei","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Changli","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kunhe","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junnan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1423_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024) Global tuberculosis report 2024. 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All methods were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations in the declaration. The study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (S058, April 23, 2025). The need for informed consent was waived by the ethics institutional review board of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology because of the retrospective nature of the study. All authors confirm that this research caused no harm (physical or mental) to any participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Clinical trial number"}},{"value":"The data used are fully anonymized statistical data that cannot be traced to any specific individual, hence \u201cNot applicable.\u201d","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"24"}}