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It is estimated that 23 million people are infected worldwide. Many reviews have been published in recent years, but very few reviews focused on distribution have been published. Here, we performed a review to map the global distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We systematically searched Google Scholar, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, African Journals Online, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, and Chongqing VIP Chinese Science and Technology Journal Database to identify studies and case reports documenting the occurrences of\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimu<\/jats:italic>\n                      s species (OPSs) and cases of paragonimiasis. Studies were included only if both the OPSs and the geographical locations of\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species occurrence had been verified in the relevant research. Subsequently, we mapped the OPSs based on data extracted from the eligible included studies.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We mapped the global distribution of\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and cases caused by them.\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are distributed in Asia, Africa, and the Americas, among which no species are distributed across continents. Eight species can infect humans:\n                      <jats:italic>P. westermani<\/jats:italic>\n                      (East Asia, the Far East, Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, probably Nepal, New Guinea),\n                      <jats:italic>P. skrjabini<\/jats:italic>\n                      (mainly distributed in China and Japan),\n                      <jats:italic>P. heterotremus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (the Indochina Peninsula and southwestern border regions of China),\n                      <jats:italic>P. kellicotti<\/jats:italic>\n                      (USA and Canada),\n                      <jats:italic>P. mexicanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (Latin America),\n                      <jats:italic>P. africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>P. uterobilateralis<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>P. gondwanensis<\/jats:italic>\n                      (West and Central Africa). This study suggests that\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species are distributed from 12\u00b0 S to 50\u00b0 N globally, except four \u201coutliers\u201d in South Africa (approximately 30\u00b0 S).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Globally,\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      species and paragonimiasis cases exhibit an imbalanced distribution across hemispheres, continents, and countries. In many \u201csuitable habitats\u201d, where infection by\n                      <jats:italic>Paragonimus<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be expected, few or no OPSs have been reported. Epidemiological and other studies are encouraged in these regions. This study will support the further refinement of paragonimiasis surveillance and response measures by global disease control authorities, thereby advancing public health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01428-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T07:19:40Z","timestamp":1772176780000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The global distribution of Paragonimus species"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuan-Biao","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei-Lin","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin-Bo","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chao","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie-Xin","family":"Zou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"1428_CR1","volume-title":"Working to overcome the global impact of neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical diseases","author":"D Daumerie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Daumerie D, Savioli L, Peters P. 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