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Pork infected with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      is considered a significant source of human infection. Currently, no commercial vaccines are available for porcine toxoplasmosis globally, thus a safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed. This study evaluated the immuno-protective effects of two\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene knockout attenuated strains, RH\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>tkl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Pru\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>pp2a-c<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in pigs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pigs immunized by intramuscular injection with 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      tachyzoites of attenuated RH\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>tkl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      or Pru\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>pp2a-c<\/jats:italic>\n                      strains were challenged orally with 1.000 sporulated oocysts of the Pru strain at 28\u00a0days post-vaccination (dpv), followed by a secondary challenge via intraperitoneal injection of 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                      Pru strain tachyzoites at 70 dpv. Clinical signs were monitored.\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific antibody levels were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The protective efficacy was evaluated by analyzing pathological lesions, pathological score, parasite load, brain cyst burden, and by mouse bioassay. GraphPad Prism software was employed to perform the log-rank (Mantel Cox) test, Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      test and one-way ANOVA.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Pigs immunized with either RH\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>tkl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      or Pru\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>pp2a-c<\/jats:italic>\n                      exhibited only low-grade fever. Combined with pathological changes and pathological scores, these findings support the moderate safety of both strains. Pigs immunized with either RH\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>tkl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      or Pru\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>pp2a-c<\/jats:italic>\n                      and subsequently challenged with\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      Pru oocysts and tachyzoites exhibited a sharp increase in\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      -specific antibodies, which remained high for 5\u00a0weeks (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Pathological lesions were alleviated after immunization, with a significant reduction in parasite load observed in tissues including the brain, heart, gastrocnemius, longissimus dorsi, psoas major, and diaphragm (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Furthermore, a marked decrease in brain cyst burden was recorded (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). Mouse bioassay results confirmed a significant reduction in the proportion of mouse brain tissues positive for\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      genomic DNA in the group immunized and then challenged, compared to the non-immunized challenged group (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The two live attenuated RH\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>tkl1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Pru\u0394\n                      <jats:italic>pp2a-c<\/jats:italic>\n                      mutants of demonstrated moderate safety, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy in pigs, identifying them as potential candidate vaccines against porcine toxoplasmosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Graphical Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01451-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T08:57:21Z","timestamp":1778057841000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Live attenuated RH\u0394tkl1 and Pru\u0394pp2a-c mutants of Toxoplasma gondii are promising vaccine candidates conferring protection in pigs"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ze-Xuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bo","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shi-Bo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Nan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xing-Quan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1451_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.11.2.267","volume":"11","author":"JP Dubey","year":"1998","unstructured":"Dubey JP, Lindsay DS, Speer CA. 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