{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:55:50Z","timestamp":1781502950706,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Fogarty International Center and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease of the National Institutes of Health","award":["D43TW009522"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW009522"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Assessing the readmitted diseases and survivors in patients hospitalized with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is crucial for healthcare strategies tailored to TB survivors. This study aims to compare readmissions and survival of hospitalized pulmonary TB patients with those of their matched controls in Thailand.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrieved inpatient drug-sensitive pulmonary TB cases from the Thai Health Information Portal database (2017\u20132022), which included all hospitalized admissions in Thai hospitals. Non-TB controls were selected using 1\u22361 propensity score matching by admission date, location, sex, age, and comorbidities. Time to readmission and to death event were the outcome variables. Cox regression with a robust variance sandwich estimator was used and then the E-value was computed. E-values indicate the strength of possible unexplained confounders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      From the propensity score matching, a total of 59,027 patients newly admitted for TB could be matched with 59,027 non-TB inpatient controls. Hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and E-values for causes of readmission among TB patients were 5.4 (2.1\u201314.3) and 10.2 for pericarditis, 5.4 (4.1\u20137.2) and 10.2 for pneumothorax, 3.8 (2.9\u20134.9) and 7.1 for bronchiectasis, 3.1 (2.4\u20134.2) and 5.6 for hyperfunction of the pituitary gland, and 2.4 (2.1\u20132.8) and 4.2 for inflammatory liver diseases. The TB cohort also had a higher risk of death [HR\u2009=\u20091.5 (95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      1.4\u20131.6) and E-value\u2009=\u20092.3].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hospitalized TB patients in Thailand are at higher risk than their non-TB controls in getting readmissions for thoracic problems and death. These problems call for improvement of TB care.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:47:10Z","timestamp":1781502430000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Readmission and survival of hospitalized pulmonary tuberculosis patients: a nationwide record-based cohort analysis in Thailand (2017\u20132022)"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kyaw Ko Ko","family":"Htet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nyi Nyi","family":"Zayar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satiti","family":"Palupi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rassamee","family":"Chotipanvithayakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vorthunju","family":"Nakhonsri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chumpol","family":"Ngamphiw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peerapat","family":"Khunkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanya","family":"Vasoppakarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narumol","family":"Atthakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sissades","family":"Tongsima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantisa","family":"Keeratipusana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Watcharapot","family":"Janpoung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ponlagrit","family":"Kumwichar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virasakdi","family":"Chongsuvivatwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"1467_CR1","unstructured":"WHO, Global tuberculosis report 2025. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-programme-on-tuberculosis-and-lung-health\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2025. Accessed 19 Nov 2025."},{"key":"1467_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1679","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00367-3","volume":"9","author":"NA Menzies","year":"2021","unstructured":"Menzies NA, Quaife M, Allwood BW, Byrne AL, Coussens AK, Harries AD, et al. Lifetime burden of disease due to incident tuberculosis: a global reappraisal including post-tuberculosis sequelae. Lancet Glob Health. 2021;9:e1679\u201387.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1467_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-02063-9","volume":"19","author":"KA Alene","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alene KA, Wangdi K, Colquhoun S, Chani K, Islam T, Rahevar K, et al. Tuberculosis related disability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2021;19:1\u201319.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1467_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0221-2022","volume":"32","author":"O Ivanova","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ivanova O, Hoffmann VS, Lange C, Hoelscher M, Rachow A. Post-tuberculosis lung impairment: systematic review and meta-analysis of spirometry data from 14\u2009621 people. Eur Respir Rev. 2023;32:37076175.","journal-title":"Eur Respir Rev"},{"key":"1467_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0000805","volume":"2","author":"IE Maleche-Obimbo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Maleche-Obimbo IE, Atieno M, Id O, Id LN, Id MM, Jaoko W, et al. Magnitude and factors associated with post-tuberculosis lung disease in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2022;2:e0000805.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"1467_CR6","unstructured":"Thai Hospital Information Portal (THIP) Database. https:\/\/thip.nbt.or.th\/login. Accessed 10 Jan 2023."},{"key":"1467_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017889","volume":"5","author":"M Bates","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bates M, Marais BJ, Zumla A. Tuberculosis comorbidity with communicable and noncommunicable diseases. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1467_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.433","volume":"10","author":"PC Austin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Austin PC. Optimal caliper widths for propensity-score matching when estimating differences in means and differences in proportions in observational studies. Pharm Stat. 2011;10:150\u201361.","journal-title":"Pharm Stat"},{"key":"1467_CR9","unstructured":"Andy Bunn MK. A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing 2017;10:11\u201318."},{"key":"1467_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5984","volume":"33","author":"PC Austin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Austin PC. The use of propensity score methods with survival or time-to-event outcomes: reporting measures of effect similar to those used in randomized experiments. Stat Med. 2014;33:1242\u201358.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1467_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","volume":"167","author":"TJ VanderWeele","year":"2017","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Ding P. Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the e-value. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:268.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1467_CR12","unstructured":"Weiliang Qiu M. Package \u2018powerSurvEpi\u2019: Power and sample size calculation for survival analysis of epidemiological studies. 2025."},{"key":"1467_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491312800205","volume":"128","author":"E Oren","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oren E, Narita M, Nolan C, Mayer J. Area-level socioeconomic disadvantage and severe pulmonary tuberculosis: U.S., 2000-2008. Public Health Rep. 2013;128:99\u2013109.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"1467_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1177\/17571774231152720","volume":"24","author":"K Chaychoowong","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chaychoowong K, Watson R, Barrett DI. Perceptions of stigma among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Thailand, and the links to delays in accessing healthcare. J Infect Prev. 2023;24:77\u201382.","journal-title":"J Infect Prev"},{"key":"1467_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.22.0514","volume":"27","author":"R Nightingale","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nightingale R, Carlin F, Meghji J, McMullen K, Evans D, et al. Post-TB health and wellbeing. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2023;27:248.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1467_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1186\/s13019-025-03370-5","volume":"20","author":"P Ebrahimi","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ebrahimi P, Taheri H, Bahiraie P, Rader F, Siegel RJ, et al. Incidence of secondary pericardial effusions associated with different etiologies: a comprehensive review of literature. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2025;20:141.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Surg"},{"key":"1467_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2018-313922","volume":"105","author":"JJ Noubiap","year":"2019","unstructured":"Noubiap JJ, Agbor VN, Ndoadoumgue AL, Nkeck JR, Kamguia A, et al. Epidemiology of pericardial diseases in Africa: a systematic scoping review. Heart. 2019;105:180\u20138.","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"1467_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.21037\/cdt.2019.09.20","volume":"10","author":"K Naicker","year":"2020","unstructured":"Naicker K, Ntsekhe M. Tuberculous pericardial disease: a focused update on diagnosis, therapy and prevention of complications. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2020;10:289\u201395.","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Diagn Ther"},{"key":"1467_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i16.2518","volume":"11","author":"L Pan","year":"2005","unstructured":"Pan L, Jia Z-S, Chen L, Fu EQ, Li GY, et al. Effect of anti-tuberculosis therapy on liver function of pulmonary tuberculosis patients infected with hepatitis B virus. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2518\u201321.","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"1467_CR20","first-page":"667","volume":"15","author":"D Sharma","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sharma D, Singh KG, Raikwar S. Prospective evaluation of serum prolactin as a biomarker for TB Severity. Eu J Cardiovasc Med. 2025;15:667\u2013671.","journal-title":"Eu J Cardiovasc Med"},{"key":"1467_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-67268-5","volume":"17","author":"JJ Noubiap","year":"2025","unstructured":"Noubiap JJ, Nansseu JR, Nyaga UF, Ndoadoumgue AL, Ngouo AT, et al. Worldwide trends in metabolic syndrome from 2000 to 2023: a systematic review and modelling analysis. Nat Commun. 2025;17:573.","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"1467_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0004935","volume":"5","author":"MS Bah","year":"2025","unstructured":"Bah MS, Htet KKK, Bisson GP, Khosa C, Masekela R, Meghji J, et al. Assessment of comorbidities, risk factors, and post tuberculosis lung disease in National Tuberculosis Guidelines: a scoping review. PLoS Glob Public Health. 2025;5:e0004935-.","journal-title":"PLoS Glob Public Health"},{"key":"1467_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0425","volume":"25","author":"GB Migliori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Migliori GB, Marx FM, Ambrosino N, Zampogna N, Schaaf HS, et al. Clinical standards for the assessment, management and rehabilitation of post-TB lung disease. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2021;25:797\u2013813.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1467_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.20.0067","volume":"24","author":"BW Allwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Allwood BW, Van Der Zalm MM, Amaral AFS, Byrne A, Datta S, et al. Post-tuberculosis lung health: perspectives from the First International Symposium. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2020;24:820\u20138.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1467_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102511","volume":"70","author":"KA Alene","year":"2024","unstructured":"Alene KA, Hertzog L, Gilmour B, Clements ACA, Murray MB, et al. Interventions to prevent post-tuberculosis sequelae: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;70:102511.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1467_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-000745","volume":"3","author":"SC van Kampen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Kampen SC, Wanner A, Edwards M, Harries AD, Kirenga BJ, et al. International research and guidelines on post-tuberculosis chronic lung disorders: a systematic scoping review. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3:e000745.","journal-title":"BMJ Glob Health"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T05:47:13Z","timestamp":1781502433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1467"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01467-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 May 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 June 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee, Prince of Songkla University (REC number 65\u2013480\u201318\u20131). Patient data were encrypted for personalized anonymization according to the Thai Personal Data Protection Act 2019, Thailand. Patient consent was waived because the study was based on a review of anonymized data.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"67"}}