{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T11:37:35Z","timestamp":1793965055601,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in Thailand, a high-burden country undergoing both epidemiological transition and pandemic-related disruption. This study examined temporal and spatial patterns of age-standardized TB incidence from 2012 to 2023 across Thailand\u2019s 13 health regions and 77 provinces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This nationwide ecological study used annual TB case notifications (2012\u20132023) for all 77 Thai provinces from Thailand's National Disease Surveillance System (Report 506), Bureau of Epidemiology, with mid-year and age-stratified provincial populations. Age-standardized incidence rates (ASR) were calculated using the WHO World Standard Population (2000\u20132025). Temporal trends were assessed by Joinpoint regression with Bayesian-Information-Criterion model selection (maximum 2 joinpoints) and validated by generalized additive models. Spatial clustering was evaluated by Global Moran\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                      and Local Indicators of Spatial Association (LISA) under queen contiguity, with sensitivity analyses across alternative weights and Benjamini\u2013Hochberg false-discovery-rate correction. Provinces were classified into long-term trend categories combining effect size (AAPC) and significance, and COVID-19 impact was quantified by 2019\u20132023 ASR percent change.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      National TB incidence declined substantially from 2012 to 2023, although marked regional heterogeneity persisted. Five health regions showed the strongest long-term reductions: region 3 [AAPC:\u2009\u2212\u200920.51, 95% confidence interval (\n                      <jats:italic>CI<\/jats:italic>\n                      )\n                      <jats:italic>:<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u200933.00 to\u2009\u2212\u200913.77], region 9 (\u2212\u200919.42, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u200928.98 to\u2009\u2212\u20098.57), region 4 (\u2212\u200917.53, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u200923.64 to\u2009\u2212\u200912.89), region 11 (\u2212\u200911.79, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u200922.16 to\u2009\u2212\u20090.04), and region 13 (\u2212\u200911.19, 95%\n                      <jats:italic>CI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2212\u200922.44 to\u2009\u2212\u20093.74). Region 6 showed an early decline followed by stabilisation, and region 12 showed a mid-period increase before a post-2019 reduction.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thailand has achieved substantial overall reductions in TB incidence over the past decade, but pronounced regional and provincial disparities persist. Localized hot-spots, biphasic regional trajectories that may reflect surveillance and programmatic transitions, and compound vulnerability during the COVID-19 period underscore the need for geographically targeted monitoring, equitable resource allocation, and pro-poor interventions to sustain progress toward TB elimination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:02:53Z","timestamp":1782860573000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spatiotemporal trends in tuberculosis incidence in Thailand, 2012\u20132023: a nationwide, province-level analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kittipong","family":"Sornlorm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roshan Kumar","family":"Mahato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarayu","family":"Muntaphan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanit","family":"Hnuploy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajitra","family":"Nawawonganun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1473_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e898","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9","volume":"5","author":"PJ Dodd","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dodd PJ, Yuen CM, Sismanidis C, Seddon JA, Jenkins HE. The global burden of tuberculosis mortality in children: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Glob Health. 2017;5:e898-906. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30289-9.","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"1473_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a017798","volume":"5","author":"P Glaziou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Glaziou P, Sismanidis C, Floyd K, Raviglione M. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5:a017798. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/cshperspect.a017798.","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"1473_CR3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/teams\/global-tuberculosis-programme\/tb-reports\/global-tuberculosis-report-2023. Accessed on 21 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR4","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Implementing the End TB Strategy: the essentials. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241509930. Accessed on 21 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234785","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1234785","volume":"14","author":"D Falzon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Falzon D, Zignol M, Bastard M, Floyd K, Raviglione M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tuberculosis epidemic. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1234785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1234785.","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"1473_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2118145","volume":"386","author":"M Pai","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pai M, Kasaeva T, Swaminathan S. COVID-19\u2019s devastating effect on tuberculosis care\u2014a path to recovery. N Engl J Med. 2022;386:1490\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMp2118145.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"1473_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-24217-7","volume":"25","author":"K Sornlorm","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sornlorm K, Muntaphan S. Explanatory spatial modeling of COVID-19 vaccine coverage in Thailand: policy implications for equitable distribution. BMC Public Health. 2025;25:3028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-025-24217-7.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"1473_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6735","volume":"112","author":"P Elliott","year":"2004","unstructured":"Elliott P, Wartenberg D. Spatial epidemiology: current approaches and future challenges. Environ Health Perspect. 2004;112:998\u20131006.","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"1473_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781351271769","volume-title":"Bayesian disease mapping: hierarchical modeling in spatial epidemiology","author":"AB Lawson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lawson AB. Bayesian disease mapping: hierarchical modeling in spatial epidemiology. 3rd ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2018.","edition":"3"},{"key":"1473_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41012","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-24798-8","volume":"15","author":"RK Mahato","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mahato RK, Sornlorm K, Htike KM, Koro AB, Nawawonganun R, Sharma V, et al. Spatial heterogenicity of tuberculosis and dengue in Nepal. Sci Rep. 2025;15:41012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-025-24798-8.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1473_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x","volume":"27","author":"L Anselin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Anselin L. Local indicators of spatial association\u2014LISA. Geogr Anal. 1995;27:93\u2013115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1538-4632.1995.tb00338.x.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"1473_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13289","volume":"24","author":"Q Wang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wang Q, Guo L, Wang J, Shen H, Huang J. Spatial distribution of tuberculosis and its socioeconomic influencing factors in mainland China 2013\u20132016. Trop Med Int Health. 2019;24:1104\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/tmi.13289.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"1473_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3670","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3733","volume":"28","author":"LX Clegg","year":"2009","unstructured":"Clegg LX, Hankey BF, Tiwari R, Feuer EJ, Edwards BK. Estimating average annual per cent change in trend analysis. Stat Med. 2009;28:3670\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/sim.3733.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1473_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3<335::AID-SIM336>3.0.CO;2-Z","volume":"19","author":"H-J Kim","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kim H-J, Fay MP, Feuer EJ, Midthune DN. Permutation tests for joinpoint regression with applications to cancer rates. Stat Med. 2000;19:335\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(20000215)19:3%3c335::AID-SIM336%3e3.0.CO;2-Z.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1473_CR15","unstructured":"Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health Thailand. National Disease Surveillance System (Report 506). https:\/\/apps-doe.moph.go.th\/boeeng\/annual.php. Accessed on 15 Dec 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR16","unstructured":"Department of Provincial Administration, Ministry of Interior Thailand. Official Statistics Registration Systems. http:\/\/www.dopa.go.th. Accessed on 15 Dec 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR17","unstructured":"Ahmad OB, Boschi-Pinto C, Lopez AD, Murray CJ, Lozano R, Inoue M. Age standardization of rates: a new WHO standard. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2001. Report No.: 31."},{"key":"1473_CR18","unstructured":"United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Thailand\u2013subnational administrative boundaries. Humanitarian Data Exchange; 2022."},{"key":"1473_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970415)16:7<791::AID-SIM500>3.0.CO;2-#","volume":"16","author":"MP Fay","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fay MP, Feuer EJ. Confidence intervals for directly standardized rates: a method based on the gamma distribution. Stat Med. 1997;16:791\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970415)16:7%3C791::AID-SIM500%3E3.0.CO;2-%23.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"1473_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2307\/2332142","volume":"37","author":"PAP Moran","year":"1950","unstructured":"Moran PAP. Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika. 1950;37:17\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2332142.","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"1473_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x","volume":"38","author":"L Anselin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y. GeoDa: an introduction to spatial data analysis. Geogr Anal. 2006;38:5\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2005.00671.x.","journal-title":"Geogr Anal"},{"key":"1473_CR22","unstructured":"QGIS Development Team. QGIS Geographic Information System. Version 3.40.2. Beaverton: Open Source Geospatial Foundation; 2022. https:\/\/qgis.org. Accessed on 21 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR23","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. Version 4.5.1 (2025\u201306\u201313 ucrt). Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2023. https:\/\/www.r-project.org. Accessed on 21 Oct 2025."},{"key":"1473_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30218-4","volume":"18","author":"C Yang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yang C, Lu L, Warren JL, Wu J, Jiang Q, Zuo T, et al. Internal migration and transmission dynamics of tuberculosis in Shanghai, China: an epidemiological, spatial, genomic analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18:788\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1473-3099(18)30218-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-021-01740-y","volume":"21","author":"D Dhamnetiya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dhamnetiya D, Goel MK, Dhakad U, Jha RP, Singh A. Trends in incidence and mortality of tuberculosis in India over past three decades: a joinpoint and age-period-cohort analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21:375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12890-021-01740-y.","journal-title":"BMC Pulm Med"},{"key":"1473_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11050755","volume":"11","author":"K Thiankhaw","year":"2022","unstructured":"Thiankhaw K, Chattakul P, Kanchanachitra C, Guijarro AP. Spatiotemporal epidemiology of tuberculosis in Thailand from 2011 to 2020. Biology (Basel). 2022;11:755. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/biology11050755.","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"1473_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001063","volume":"8","author":"DW Dowdy","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dowdy DW, Cattamanchi A, Steingart KR, Pai M. Is scale-up worth it? Challenges in economic analysis of diagnostic tests for tuberculosis. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001063. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001063.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1473_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0221027","volume":"14","author":"KA Alene","year":"2019","unstructured":"Alene KA, Xu Z, Bai L, Yi H, Tan Y, Gray DJ, et al. Spatial clustering of notified tuberculosis in Ethiopia: a nationwide study. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0221027. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0221027.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1473_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17041413","volume":"17","author":"S Ullah","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ullah S, Daud H, Dass SC, Fanaee-T H, Kausarian H, Alamgir. Space-time clustering characteristics of tuberculosis in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, 2015\u20132019. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:1413.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"1473_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199505","volume":"101","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hargreaves JR, Boccia D, Evans CA, Adato M, Petticrew M, Porter JD. The social determinants of tuberculosis: from evidence to action. Am J Public Health. 2011;101:654\u201362. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199505.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"1473_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0595-5","volume":"14","author":"M Pareek","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pareek M, Greenaway C, Noori T, Munoz J, Zenner D. The impact of migration on tuberculosis epidemiology and control in high-income countries: a review. BMC Med. 2016;14:48. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-016-0595-5.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"1473_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040020","volume":"4","author":"H-H Lin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Lin H-H, Ezzati M, Murray M. Tobacco smoke, indoor air pollution and tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040020.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1473_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.041","volume":"68","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2009","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnroth K, Jaramillo E, Williams BG, Dye C, Raviglione M. Drivers of tuberculosis epidemics: the role of risk factors and social determinants. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68:2240\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.041.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"1473_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050152","volume":"5","author":"CY Jeon","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jeon CY, Murray MB. Diabetes mellitus increases the risk of active tuberculosis: a systematic review of 13 observational studies. PLoS Med. 2008;5:e152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050152.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1473_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100603","volume":"28","author":"L Cilloni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cilloni L, Fu H, Vesga JF, Dowdy D, Pretorius C, Ahmedov S, et al. The potential impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the tuberculosis epidemic: a modelling analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2020;28:100603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100603.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"1473_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.21.0148","volume":"25","author":"CF McQuaid","year":"2021","unstructured":"McQuaid CF, Vassall A, Cohen T, Fiekert K, White RG. The impact of COVID-19 on TB: a review of the data. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2021;25:436\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5588\/ijtld.21.0148.","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2611.203163","volume":"27","author":"GB Migliori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Migliori GB, Thong PM, Akkerman O, Alffenaar J-W, Alvarez-Navascues F, Assao-Neino MM, et al. Worldwide effects of coronavirus disease pandemic on tuberculosis services, January\u2013April 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020;27:1446\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2611.203163.","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"1473_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2001727","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01727-2020","volume":"56","author":"CWM Ong","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ong CWM, Migliori GB, Raviglione M, MacGregor-Skinner G, Sotgiu G, Alffenaar J-W. Epidemic and pandemic viral infections: impact on tuberculosis and the lung. Eur Respir J. 2020;56:2001727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1183\/13993003.01727-2020.","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"1473_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60483-7","volume":"375","author":"K L\u00f6nnroth","year":"2010","unstructured":"L\u00f6nnroth K, Castro KG, Chakaya JM, Chauhan LS, Floyd K, Glaziou P, et al. Tuberculosis control and elimination 2010\u201350: cure, care, and social development. Lancet. 2010;375:1814\u201329. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60483-7.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"1473_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.012","volume":"27","author":"D Visca","year":"2021","unstructured":"Visca D, Ong CWM, Tiberi S, Centis R, D\u2019Ambrosio L, Chen B, et al. Tuberculosis and COVID-19 interaction: a review of biological, clinical and public health effects. Pulmonology. 2021;27:151\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2020.12.012.","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"1473_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00322-0","volume":"386","author":"CM Yuen","year":"2015","unstructured":"Yuen CM, Amanullah F, Dharmadhikari A, Nardell EA, Seddon JA, Vasilyeva I, et al. Turning off the tap: stopping tuberculosis transmission through active case-finding and prompt effective treatment. Lancet. 2015;386:2334\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00322-0.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T23:03:09Z","timestamp":1782860589000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1473"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01473-2","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 December 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The Khon Kaen University Ethics Committee for Human Research has provided exemption for ethical approval, under reference number HE 682254.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"72"}}