{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T06:06:08Z","timestamp":1789020368640,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PDTF-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PDTF-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fonds de Recherche du Qu\u00e9bec \u2013 Sant\u00e9","award":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69777\/333900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["https:\/\/doi.org\/10.69777\/333900"]}]},{"name":"Groupe de Recherche en \u00c9pid\u00e9miologie des Zoonoses et Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"name":"Global 1 Health Network"},{"name":"Centre de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005242","name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Canada Research Chair in Epidemiology and One Health","award":["https:\/\/www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca\/chairholders-titulaires\/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4954"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["https:\/\/www.chairs-chaires.gc.ca\/chairholders-titulaires\/profile-eng.aspx?profileId=4954"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is an infection of the central nervous system caused by the larval stage of\n                      <jats:italic>Taenia solium<\/jats:italic>\n                      . This systematic review (PROSPERO identifier: CRD42021266596) aimed to estimate the pooled proportion of NCC among people with epileptic seizures (PWES) between 1990 and 2023, and to assess whether this proportion changed between January 1990 to May 2008 and June 2008 to May 2023 across endemic regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty electronic databases were searched in May 2023 for records on NCC published between January 1, 1990, and May 9, 2023. Two reviewers independently screened all records. Original studies that reported NCC frequency among PWES, used neuroimaging, biopsy, or autopsy to diagnose NCC, and were not prone to high level of selection bias were included. Reviews, book-chapters and case series with fewer than 20 participants were excluded. Methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist for prevalence studies. Bayesian models were used to estimate pooled NCC proportions and assess their changes by study periods and regions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 16,202 screened records, 77 studies met the inclusion criteria. Thirty-five studies included PWES from both sexes, all age groups (children and adults), and used clear case definitions. The pooled proportion of NCC among PWES in these studies was 25.2% [95% Bayesian credible interval (\n                      <jats:italic>BCI<\/jats:italic>\n                      ): 19.5%\u201332.2%], with fairly-high between-study heterogeneity (\n                      <jats:italic>\u03c4<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.0; 95%\n                      <jats:italic>BCI:<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.8\u20131.3). Studies without clear definitions for NCC or epileptic seizures reported considerably lower proportions, suggesting misclassification error. NCC proportion did not vary by sex or age. NCC proportion declined between June 2008 and May 2023, across Africa, the Americas and Southeast Asia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides an updated estimate of NCC proportion among PWES between 1990 and 2023, with implications for burden estimation, and highlights its decline in endemic regions. However, substantial between-study heterogeneity indicates context-specific differences; therefore, the pooled estimates should be interpreted cautiously and not as universally generalizable. Further research should determine whether the observed decline in NCC proportion is real or reflects an apparent reduction resulting from changes in case definitions, study populations, neuroimaging technologies, or underlying causes of epileptic seizures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T02:13:31Z","timestamp":1789006411000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["An updated estimate of the proportion of neurocysticercosis among people with epileptic seizures: a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mohammad Shah","family":"Jalal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orane","family":"Figuet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katrina","family":"Di Bacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marine","family":"Hubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophie","family":"Adame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Stelzle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea S.","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Budke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Carabin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1501_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00454-1","volume":"2","author":"A Carpio","year":"2002","unstructured":"Carpio A. Neurocysticercosis: an update. Lancet Infect Dis. 2002;2:751\u201362.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2012.05.027","volume":"319","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Nash TE, Garcia HH. Cysticerci-related single parenchymal brain enhancing lesions in non-endemic countries. J Neurol Sci. 2012;319:32\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001152","volume":"5","author":"H Carabin","year":"2011","unstructured":"Carabin H, Ndimubanzi PC, Budke CM, Nguyen H, Qian Y, Cowan LD, et al. Clinical manifestations associated with neurocysticercosis: a systematic review. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5:e1152.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001923","volume":"12","author":"AH Havelaar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ, et al. World Health Organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS Med. 2010;12:e1001923.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1501_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002480","volume":"7","author":"E Bruno","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bruno E, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Strohmeyer M, Bartalesi F, Bustos JA, et al. Epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in Latin America: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2480.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000028","volume":"106","author":"JA Serpa","year":"2012","unstructured":"Serpa JA, White AC Jr. Neurocysticercosis in the United States. Pathog Glob Health. 2012;106:256\u201360.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"1501_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(96)00130-X","volume":"142","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"1996","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Wadia NH, Dumas M, Cruz M, Tsang VC, Schantz PM. Proposal of diagnostic criteria for human cysticercosis and neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci. 1996;142:1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR8","first-page":"197","volume":"12","author":"C Guzman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guzman C, Garcia HH, Cysticercosis Working Group in P. Current diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Res Rep Trop Med. 2021;12:197\u2013203.","journal-title":"Res Rep Trop Med"},{"key":"1501_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24732","volume":"80","author":"A Carpio","year":"2016","unstructured":"Carpio A, Fleury A, Romo ML, Abraham R, Fandino J, Duran JC, et al. New diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: reliability and validity. Ann Neurol. 2016;80:434\u201342.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR10","first-page":"171","volume":"52","author":"RK Garg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Garg RK. Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis: some modifications are needed for Indian patients. Neurol India. 2004;52:171\u20137.","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"1501_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1179\/2047773212Y.0000000025","volume":"106","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2012","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH. Diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis, revisited. Pathog Glob Health. 2012;106:299\u2013304.","journal-title":"Pathog Glob Health"},{"key":"1501_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.2.177","volume":"57","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2001","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Rajshekhar V, White AC Jr, Tsang VC, Nash TE, Takayanagui OM, et al. Proposed diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. Neurology. 2001;57:177\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"1501_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2016.11.045","volume":"372","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2017","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Nash TE, White AC Jr., Rajshekhar V, Wilkins PP, Singh G, et al. Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. J Neurol Sci. 2017;372:202\u201310.","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.615703","volume":"8","author":"C Butala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Butala C, Brook TM, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Neurocysticercosis: current perspectives on diagnosis and management. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:615703.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S73249","volume":"8","author":"YF Fogang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Fogang YF, Savadogo AA, Camara M, Toffa DH, Basse A, Sow AD, et al. Managing neurocysticercosis: challenges and solutions. Int J Gen Med. 2015;8:333\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"1501_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000870","volume":"4","author":"PC Ndimubanzi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ndimubanzi PC, Carabin H, Budke CM, Nguyen H, Qian YJ, Rainwater E, et al. A systematic review of the frequency of neurocyticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010;4:e870.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001920","volume":"12","author":"PR Torgerson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Torgerson PR, Devleesschauwer B, Praet N, Speybroeck N, Willingham AL, Kasuga F, et al. World Health Organization estimates of the global and regional disease burden of 11 foodborne parasitic diseases, 2010: a data synthesis. PLoS Med. 2010;12:e1001920.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"1501_CR18","unstructured":"Jalal MS, Figuet O, Di Bacco K, Jackson E, Huang L, Tiaoying L, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the frequency of neurocysticercosis with a focus on people with epilepsy and people with headaches: An update with data from 2008 to 2023. PROSPERO. 2023."},{"key":"1501_CR19","unstructured":"World Health Organization. PDTF-0001: Systematic reviews of Taenia solium infection\/cysticercosis. Terms of Reference. In: Call for expressions of interest to conduct systematic reviews and other studies for estimating the burden of foodborne diseases: World Health Organization; version 4 October 2022. 2023. https:\/\/www.who.int\/groups\/foodborne-disease-burden-epidemiology-reference-group-(ferg). Accessed 15 Dec 2023."},{"key":"1501_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n160","volume":"372","author":"MJ Page","year":"2021","unstructured":"Page MJ, Moher D, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n160.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"1501_CR21","unstructured":"World Health Organization. WHO methods and data sources for global burden of disease estimates 2000\u20132011. Technical report. Geneva, Systems DoHSaI; Contract No.: WHO\/ DDI\/DNA\/GHE\/2020.3. 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default-source\/gho-documents\/global-health-estimates\/ghe2019_daly-methods.pdf. Accessed 15 Dec 2023"},{"key":"1501_CR22","unstructured":"Innovation VH. Covidence systematic review software. Melbourne, Australia.2024."},{"key":"1501_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0013-9580.2005.66104.x","volume":"46","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fisher RS, van Emde Boas W, Blume W, Elger C, Genton P, Lee P, et al. Epileptic seizures and epilepsy: definitions proposed by the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) and the International Bureau for Epilepsy (IBE). Epilepsia. 2005;46:470\u20132.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1501_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.13670","volume":"58","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Cross JH, French JA, Higurashi N, Hirsch E, Jansen FE, et al. Operational classification of seizure types by the International League Against Epilepsy: position paper of the ILAE Commission for Classification and Terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58:522\u201330.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1501_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Proposal for revised clinical and electroencephalographic classification of epileptic seizures. From the Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1981;22:489\u2013501.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1981.tb06159.x"},{"key":"1501_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Proposal for revised classification of epilepsies and epileptic syndromes. Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1989;30:389\u201399.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05316.x"},{"key":"1501_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Commission on Classification and Terminology of the International League Against Epilepsy. Guidelines for epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Commission on Epidemiology and Prognosis, International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 1993;34:592\u20136.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb00433.x"},{"key":"1501_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.12550","volume":"55","author":"RS Fisher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fisher RS, Acevedo C, Arzimanoglou A, Bogacz A, Cross JH, Elger CE, et al. ILAE official report: a practical clinical definition of epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2014;55:475\u201382.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1501_CR29","unstructured":"World Health Organization. World health statistics 2025: monitoring health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals. World Health Organization; Report No.: ISBN 978-92-4-011049-6, Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. 2025. https:\/\/iris.who.int\/server\/api\/core\/bitstreams\/c992fbdc-11ef-43db-a478-7e7a195403ae\/content. Accessed 15 Dec 2025"},{"key":"1501_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munn Z, Moola S, Lisy K, Riitano D, Tufanaru C. Systematic reviews of prevalence and incidence. In: In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors) JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis JBI 2020.","DOI":"10.46658\/JBIRM-17-05"},{"key":"1501_CR31","unstructured":"Stan Development T. RStan: the R interface to Stan. R package version 217 3. 2018"},{"key":"1501_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrer M, Cuijpers P, Furukawa T, Ebert D. Chapter 13 Bayesian meta-analysis. In: Doing meta-analysis with R: A hands-on guide: Chapman and Hall\/CRC; 2021.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"1501_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13669","volume":"25","author":"H Senra","year":"2024","unstructured":"Senra H, Gaglianone CG, McPherson S, Unterrainer H. Prevalence of personality disorders in adults with binge eating disorder\u2014a systematic review and Bayesian meta\u2010analysis. Obes Rev. 2024;25:e13669.","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"key":"1501_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1214\/20-BA1221","volume":"16","author":"A Vehtari","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vehtari A, Gelman A, Simpson D, Carpenter B, B\u00fcrkner P-C. Rank-normalization, folding, and localization: An improved R \u0302 for assessing convergence of MCMC (with discussion). Bayesian Anal. 2021;16:667\u2013718.","journal-title":"Bayesian Anal"},{"key":"1501_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000065","volume":"22","author":"S Depaoli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Depaoli S, Van de Schoot R. Improving transparency and replication in Bayesian statistics: the WAMBS-Checklist. Psychol Methods. 2017;22:240.","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"1501_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1475","volume":"12","author":"C R\u00f6ver","year":"2021","unstructured":"R\u00f6ver C, Bender R, Dias S, Schmid CH, Schmidli H, Sturtz S, et al. On weakly informative prior distributions for the heterogeneity parameter in Bayesian random\u2010effects meta\u2010analysis. Res Synth Methods. 2021;12:448\u201374.","journal-title":"Res Synth Methods"},{"key":"1501_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0001316","volume":"15","author":"DJ Reis","year":"2023","unstructured":"Reis DJ, Kaizer AM, Kinney AR, Bahraini NH, Holliday R, Forster JE, et al. A practical guide to random-effects Bayesian meta-analyses with application to the psychological trauma and suicide literature. Psychol Trauma. 2023;15:121.","journal-title":"Psychol Trauma"},{"key":"1501_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4_9","volume-title":"Ggplot2 use R!","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wickham H, Wickham H. Data analysis. In: Ggplot2 use R! Springer; 2016. p. 189\u2013201."},{"key":"1501_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801370-0.00015-0","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis in ecology using linear models with R, BUGS, and Stan","author":"F Korner-Nievergelt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korner-Nievergelt F, Roth T, Von Felten S, Gu\u00e9lat J, Almasi B, Korner-Nievergelt P. Prior influence and parameter estimability. In: Bayesian data analysis in ecology using linear models with R, BUGS, and Stan. San Diego, USA: Elsevier Inc., Academic Press; 2015. p. 265\u201378."},{"key":"1501_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010911","author":"D Stelzle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stelzle D, Makasi C, Schmidt V, Trevisan C, Damme I, Welte TM, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and radiological characteristics of people with neurocysticercosis in Tanzania- a cross-sectional study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010911.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.91882","volume":"44","author":"A Sil","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sil A, Das K, Das NK, Chakraborty D, Mazumdar G, Tripathi SK. Use of anti-epileptic drugs in a tertiary care hospital of Eastern India with emphasis on epilepsy due to neurocysticercosis. Indian J Pharmacol. 2012;44:106\u201310.","journal-title":"Indian J Pharmacol"},{"key":"1501_CR42","first-page":"235","volume":"11","author":"VKN Gowda","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gowda VKN, Vasanna SH, Pragalath K, Shivananda, Lakskman RR, Premalatha G, et al. Study of etiological profile of infantile and childhood focal seizures at a tertiary care centre in South India. J Pediatr Neurol. 2013;11:235\u201340.","journal-title":"J Pediatr Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6974(96)00073-4","volume":"10","author":"S Singhi","year":"1997","unstructured":"Singhi S, Singhi P. Clinical profile and etiology of partial seizures in North Indian infants and children. J Epilepsy. 1997;10:32\u20136.","journal-title":"J Epilepsy"},{"key":"1501_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1700709","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.40.1700709","volume":"23","author":"L Zammarchi","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zammarchi L, Angheben A, Fantoni T, Chiappini E, Mantella A, Galli L, et al. Screening for neurocysticercosis in internationally adopted children: Yield, cost and performance of serological tests, Italy, 2001 to 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018;23:1700709.","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"1501_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002102","volume":"7","author":"G Mwanjali","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mwanjali G, Kihamia C, Kakoko DV, Lekule F, Ngowi H, Johansen MV, et al. Prevalence and risk factors associated with human Taenia solium infections in Mbozi District, Mbeya Region, Tanzania. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2013;7:e2102.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02724126","volume":"71","author":"J Hussain","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hussain J, Srinivasan S, Serane VT, Mahadevan S, Elangovan S, Bhuvaneswari V. Cranial computed tomography in partial motor seizures. Indian J Pediatr. 2004;71:641\u20134.","journal-title":"Indian J Pediatr"},{"key":"1501_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2018.11.040","volume":"90","author":"E Bianchi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bianchi E, Erba G, Beghi E, Giussani G. Self-reporting versus clinical scrutiny: the value of adding questionnaires to the routine evaluation of seizure disorders. An exploratory study on the differential diagnosis between epilepsy and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;90:191\u20136.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Behav"},{"key":"1501_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3171\/foc.2002.12.6.5","volume":"12","author":"RK Garg","year":"2002","unstructured":"Garg RK. Single enhancing computerized tomography\u2013detected lesion in immunocompetent patients. Neurosurg Focus. 2002;12:1\u20139.","journal-title":"Neurosurg Focus"},{"key":"1501_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.171.2.2704811","volume":"171","author":"LD Kramer","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kramer LD, Locke GE, Byrd SE, Daryabagi J. Cerebral cysticercosis: documentation of natural history with CT. Radiology. 1989;171:459\u201362.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1501_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.144.4.7111730","volume":"144","author":"S Byrd","year":"1982","unstructured":"Byrd S, Locke G, Biggers S, Percy A. The computed tomographic appearance of cerebral cysticercosis in adults and children. Radiology. 1982;144:819\u201323.","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"1501_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/epi4.12375","volume":"5","author":"P Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel P, Mosh\u00e9 SL. The evolution of the concepts of seizures and epilepsy: what\u2019s in a name? Epilepsia Open. 2020;5:22\u201335.","journal-title":"Epilepsia Open"},{"key":"1501_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2020.1707667","volume":"20","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2020","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH. Twenty-five years of evolution of standard diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis. How have they impacted diagnosis and patient outcomes? Expert Rev Neurother. 2020;20:147\u201355.","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"key":"1501_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100000342","volume":"26","author":"M Sundaram","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sundaram M, Sadler R, Young G, Pillay N. EEG in epilepsy: current perspectives. Can J Neurol Sci. 1999;26:255\u201362.","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3962","DOI":"10.36557\/2674-8169.2024v6n8p3962-3983","volume":"6","author":"B Vitrio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vitrio B, Destefani VC, Destefani AC. Advancing neuroimaging frontiers: a comprehensive review of novel diagnostic techniques in neuroradiology and their clinical applications. Braz J Implantol Health Sci. 2024;6:3962\u201383.","journal-title":"Braz J Implantol Health Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2018.30.240.14000","volume":"30","author":"GI Ogbole","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ogbole GI, Adeyomoye AO, Badu-Peprah A, Mensah Y, Nzeh DA. Survey of magnetic resonance imaging availability in West Africa. Pan Afr Med J. 2018;30:240.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"1501_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26638","volume":"49","author":"S Geethanath","year":"2019","unstructured":"Geethanath S, Vaughan JT Jr. Accessible magnetic resonance imaging: a review. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019;49:e65-e77.","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"1501_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005605","volume":"11","author":"KS Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao KS, Adhikari S, Gauchan E, Sathian B, Bk G, Basnet S, et al. Time trend of neurocysticercosis in children with seizures in a tertiary hospital of western Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017;11:e0005605.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2019.57.3.265","volume":"57","author":"H-J Son","year":"2019","unstructured":"Son H-J, Kim MJ, Jung KH, Choi S, Jung J, Chong YP, et al. Neurocysticercosis: clinical characteristics and changes from 26 years of experience in an university hospital in Korea. Korean J Parasitol. 2019;57:265.","journal-title":"Korean J Parasitol"},{"key":"1501_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s40475-014-0029-4","volume":"1","author":"H Carabin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Carabin H, Traor\u00e9 AA. Taenia solium taeniasis and cysticercosis control and elimination through community-based interventions. Curr Trop Med Rep. 2014;1:181\u201393.","journal-title":"Curr Trop Med Rep"},{"key":"1501_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.04.010","volume":"165","author":"S Gabri\u00ebl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gabri\u00ebl S, Dorny P, Mwape K, Trevisan C, Braae U, Magnussen P, et al. Control of Taenia solium taeniasis\/cysticercosis: the best way forward for sub-Saharan Africa? Acta Trop. 2017;165:252\u201360.","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"1501_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/neo2.70043","volume":"2","author":"KR Duncan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duncan KR, Muzammil SM, Swafford K, Melmed K, Hinduja A. Disparities in neuroimaging. Clin Neuroimaging. 2025;2:e70043.","journal-title":"Clin Neuroimaging"},{"key":"1501_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.231496","volume":"11","author":"NW Duncan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duncan NW, Rae CL. Geographical and economic influences on neuroimaging modality choice. R Soc Open Sci. 2024;11:231496.","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"1501_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511921001","volume-title":"The causes of epilepsy: common and uncommon causes in adults and children","author":"SD Shorvon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Shorvon SD, Andermann F, Guerrini R. The causes of epilepsy: common and uncommon causes in adults and children. Cambridge University Press; 2011."},{"key":"1501_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2023.03.006","volume":"107","author":"AP Ramos","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramos AP, Burneo JG. Seizures and epilepsy associated with central nervous system tuberculosis. Seizure. 2023;107:60\u20136.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"1501_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1418926","volume":"15","author":"T Shan","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shan T, Zhu Y, Fan H, Liu Z, Xie J, Li M, et al. Global, regional, and national time trends in the burden of epilepsy, 1990\u20132019: an age-period-cohort analysis for the global burden of disease 2019 study. Front Neurol. 1990;15:1418926.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"1501_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0010870","volume":"16","author":"D Stelzle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stelzle D, Schmidt V, Keller L, Ngowi BJ, Matuja W, Escheu G, et al. Characteristics of people with epilepsy and neurocysticercosis in three eastern African countries\u2013a pooled analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16:e0010870.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14068","volume":"59","author":"DJ Thurman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Thurman DJ, Begley CE, Carpio A, Helmers S, Hesdorffer DC, Mu J, et al. The primary prevention of epilepsy: a report of the Prevention Task Force of the International League Against Epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2018;59:905\u201314.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"1501_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86823-w","author":"KR Devi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Devi KR, Borbora D, Upadhyay N, Goswami D, Rajguru SK, Narain K. Neurocysticercosis in patients with active epilepsy in the tea garden community of Assam, Northeast India. Sci Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-86823-w.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"1501_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0443","volume":"98","author":"BT Garvey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Garvey BT, Moyano LM, Ayvar V, Rodriguez S, Gilman RH, Gonzalez AE, et al. Neurocysticercosis among people living near pigs heavily infected with cysticercosis in rural endemic Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98:558\u201364.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1501_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000371","volume":"3","author":"AG Lescano","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lescano AG, Garcia HH, Gilman RH, Gavidia CM, Tsang VC, Rodriguez S, et al. Taenia solium cysticercosis hotspots surrounding tapeworm carriers: clustering on human seroprevalence but not on seizures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3:e371.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seizure.2020.01.005","volume":"76","author":"LF Owolabi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Owolabi LF, Adamu B, Jibo AM, Owolabi SD, Imam AI, Alhaji ID. Neurocysticercosis in people with epilepsy in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence and strength of association. Seizure. 2020;76:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"1501_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccr3.8454","volume":"12","author":"P Adjei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Adjei P, Obese V, Tang R, Manu KO, Boateng YOA, Donkor EA. Neurocysticercosis: A neglected but preventable cause of seizure in adults. Clin Case Rep. 2024;12:e8454.","journal-title":"Clin Case Rep"},{"key":"1501_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1990.00390140065014","volume":"150","author":"MT Medina","year":"1990","unstructured":"Medina MT, Rosas E, Rubio-Donnadieu F, Sotelo J. Neurocysticercosis as the main cause of late-onset epilepsy in Mexico. Arch Intern Med. 1990;150:325\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"1501_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.21-0835","volume":"106","author":"OH Del Brutto","year":"2021","unstructured":"Del Brutto OH, Recalde BY, Mera RM. Incidence of adult-onset epilepsy and the contributory role of neurocysticercosis in a five-year, population-based, prospective study in rural Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2021;106:208.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"1501_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2447","volume":"19","author":"X Huang","year":"1997","unstructured":"Huang X, Wang Z, Kou J, Liu H, Mao D, Yu Z, et al. A large cohort of neurocysticercosis in Shandong Province, Eastern China, 1997\u20132015. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 1997;19:901\u20137.","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2017.12.006","volume":"22","author":"AJ Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","year":"2009","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales AJ, Yepes-Echeverri MC, Acevedo-Mendoza WF, Mar\u00edn-Rinc\u00f3n HA, Culquichic\u00f3n C, Parra-Valencia E, et al. Mapping the residual incidence of taeniasis and cysticercosis in Colombia, 2009\u20132013, using geographical information systems: implications for public health and travel medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2009;22:51\u20137.","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"1501_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00757-8","volume":"403","author":"AJ Ferrari","year":"1990","unstructured":"Ferrari AJ, Santomauro DF, Aali A, Abate YH, Abbafati C, Abbastabar H, et al. Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 1990;403:2133\u201361.","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T05:10:57Z","timestamp":1789017057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01501-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Ethics approval or consent to participate was not required, as the study used publicly available data.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Carabin is an editorial board member of the journal Infectious Diseases of Poverty. She was not involved in the peer-review or handling of the manuscript. The authors have no other competing interests to disclose.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"100"}}