{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T11:17:28Z","timestamp":1788952648947,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023961","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biotecnol\u00f3gica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023961","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"PROMETEO Program, Programa de Ayudas para Grupos de Investigaci\u00f3n de Excelencia","award":["CIPROM\/2024\/88"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPROM\/2024\/88"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Infect Dis Poverty"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female genital schistosomiasis (FGS) is an underrecognized cause of infertility and may remain undiagnosed in non-endemic settings because of nonspecific symptoms and limited sensitivity of routine diagnostic tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Case presentation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We report the case of a 30-year-old woman from C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire who had lived in Mali before migrating to Spain and then\u00a0presented with primary infertility. Initial fertility workup revealed a large intramural\u2013submucosal leiomyoma. Following myomectomy, histopathological examination unexpectedly identified\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      eggs associated with granulomatous inflammation in the myometrial specimen. Initial\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      serology and urine microscopy were negative. Hysterosalpingography later demonstrated right hydrosalpinx, prompting reconsideration of schistosomiasis. Repeated urine samples collected after endometrial biopsy revealed\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      -like eggs, confirming the diagnosis. Retrospective review showed previous eosinophilia despite the absence of urinary symptoms or hematuria. The patient was treated with praziquantel, and follow-up samples were negative.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This case highlights FGS as a potentially reversible cause of infertility in migrant women from endemic regions. It also underscores the diagnostic limitations of serology and urine microscopy and the importance of histopathological examination in establishing the diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:51:00Z","timestamp":1788951060000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unexpected uterine microhabitat of Schistosoma infection: a migrant case of female genital schistosomiasis in Europe"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Antonio","family":"Beltr\u00e1n-Rosel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4039-2638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Ligero-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Ornat-Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elaine","family":"Mej\u00eda-Urb\u00e1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"T\u00e9bar-Fuentes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pilar","family":"Go\u00f1i","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"L\u00f3pez-Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"De El\u00edas-Escribano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricio","family":"Artigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Cecila","family":"Fantozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Bargues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"1502_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-020-00090-3","volume":"6","author":"MS Abebe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Abebe MS, Afework M, Abaynew Y. Primary and secondary infertility in Africa: systematic review with meta-analysis. Fertil Res Pract. 2020;6(1):20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40738-020-00090-3.","journal-title":"Fertil Res Pract"},{"key":"1502_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/2126664","volume":"2025","author":"M Agbomhere Hamed","year":"2025","unstructured":"Agbomhere Hamed M, Ahmed Surakat O, Olukayode Ekundina V, Bolajoko Jimoh K, Ezekiel Adeogun A, Omolola Akanji N, et al. Neglected tropical diseases and female infertility: possible pathophysiological mechanisms. J Trop Med. 2025;2025:2126664. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/jotm\/2126664.","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"1502_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000559","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hotez PJ. Empowering women and improving female reproductive health through control of neglected tropical diseases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2009;3(11):e559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000559.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"1502_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0280","volume":"98","author":"PA Woodall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Woodall PA, Kramer MR. Schistosomiasis and infertility in East Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(4):1137\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0280.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1502_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-1016","volume":"98","author":"CH King","year":"2018","unstructured":"King CH. Mapping out the under-recognized burden of human infertility linked to Schistosoma haematobium infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2018;98(4):937\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.17-1016.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"4","key":"1502_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"hoac051","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","volume":"2022","author":"CM Cox","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cox CM, Thoma ME, Tchangalova N, Mburu G, Bornstein MJ, Johnson CL, et al. Infertility prevalence and methods of estimation from 1990 to 2021: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Open. 2022;2022(4):hoac051. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/hropen\/hoac051","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Open"},{"issue":"5","key":"1502_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/0951359042000199878","volume":"18","author":"R Isaksson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Isaksson R, Tiitinen A. Present concept of unexplained infertility. Gynecol Endocrinol. 2004;18(5):278\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0951359042000199878.","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"8","key":"1502_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11081455","volume":"11","author":"D Freytag","year":"2021","unstructured":"Freytag D, G\u00fcnther V, Maass N, Alkatout I. Uterine fibroids and infertility. Diagnostics. 2021;11(8):1455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/diagnostics11081455.","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"issue":"8","key":"1502_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/00006254-200108000-00022","volume":"56","author":"EA Pritts","year":"2001","unstructured":"Pritts EA. Fibroids and infertility: a systematic review of the evidence. Obstet Gynecol Surv. 2001;56(8):483\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00006254-200108000-00022.","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol Surv"},{"key":"1502_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fitd.2023.1301485","volume":"4","author":"A Mwazha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mwazha A, Nhlonzi GB, Kjetland EF. Presence of tissue schistosomiasis in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a retrospective histopathologic review. Front Trop Dis. 2023;4:1301485. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fitd.2023.1301485.","journal-title":"Front Trop Dis"},{"key":"1502_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-026-04320-6","author":"J Richter","year":"2026","unstructured":"Richter J, Demarta-Gatsi C, Helling-Giese G. Female genital schistosomiasis in migrants: a systematic review of reported cases. BMC Womens Health. 2026. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-026-04320-6.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"1502_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed9080177","volume":"9","author":"RP Marques","year":"2024","unstructured":"Marques RP, Ahmad W, Soares R, Oliveira KC, Botelho MC. Insights into urogenital schistosomiasis with a focus on infertility. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2024;9(8):177. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed9080177.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"key":"1502_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00060","volume":"6","author":"B Chala","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chala B, Torben W. An epidemiological trend of urogenital schistosomiasis in Ethiopia. Front Public Health. 2018;6:60. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00060.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"1502_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006","volume":"46","author":"V Christinet","year":"2016","unstructured":"Christinet V, Lazdins-Helds JK, Stothard JR, Reinhard-Rupp J. Female genital schistosomiasis: from case reports to a call for concerted action. Int J Parasitol. 2016;46(7):395\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpara.2016.02.006.","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"issue":"5","key":"1502_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.782","volume":"59","author":"G Poggensee","year":"1998","unstructured":"Poggensee G, Kiwelu I, Saria M, Richter J, Krantz I, Feldmeier H. Schistosomiasis of the lower reproductive tract without egg excretion in urine. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 1998;59(5):782\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4269\/ajtmh.1998.59.782.","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"8","key":"1502_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013364","volume":"19","author":"O Ally","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ally O, Kanoi BN, Mmbando GS, Nyanjom SG, Mnyone LL, Gitaka J, et al. Impact of Schistosoma haematobium hybridization on molecular diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2025;19(8):e0013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pntd.0013364.","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"1502_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1185","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-023-02060-5","volume":"51","author":"T Manciulli","year":"2023","unstructured":"Manciulli T, Marangoni D, Salas-Coronas J, Bocanegra C, Richter J, Gobbi F, et al. Diagnosis and management of complicated urogenital schistosomiasis: a systematic review. Infection. 2023;51(5):1185\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s15010-023-02060-5.","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1086\/591127","volume":"47","author":"PD Leutscher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Leutscher PD, Ramarokoto CE, Hoffmann S, Jensen JS, Ramaniraka V, Randrianasolo B, et al. Coexistence of urogenital schistosomiasis and sexually transmitted infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(6):775\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/591127.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"1502_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2019.09.001","volume":"35","author":"AR Ribeiro","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ribeiro AR, Luis C, Fernandes R, Botelho MC. Schistosomiasis and infertility: what do we know? Trends Parasitol. 2019;35(12):964\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.pt.2019.09.001.","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol"},{"key":"1502_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088","author":"P Patel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Patel P, Rose CE, Kjetland EF, Downs JA, Mbabazi PS, Sabin K, et al. Association of schistosomiasis and HIV infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.10.088.","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"1502_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-021-04655-z","volume":"14","author":"F Tamarozzi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tamarozzi F, Ursini T, Hoekstra PT, Silva R, Costa C, Gobbi F, et al. Evaluation of diagnostic tools in chronic schistosomiasis. Parasit Vectors. 2021;14(1):149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-021-04655-z.","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"1502_CR22","first-page":"44","volume":"43","author":"A Beltr\u00e1n Rosel","year":"2020","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n Rosel A, Sanjoaqu\u00edn Conde I, P\u00e9rez Mu\u00f1oz A, Alcal\u00e1 PM, Marta CB, Irigoyen von Sierakowski A. Strongyloides stercoralis: a rare and severe presentation in a pregnant woman. New Microbiol. 2020;43(1):44\u20136.","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"1502_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05680-11","volume":"19","author":"HF Kinkel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kinkel HF, Dittrich S, B\u00e4umer B, Weitzel T. Evaluation of serological tests for diagnosis of schistosomiasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2012;19(6):948\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.05680-11.","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"1502_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koukounari A, Webster JP, Donnelly CA, Bray BC, Naples J, Bosompem K, et al 2009 Diagnostic performance for S. haematobium. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 80 3 435\u2013441","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2009.80.435"},{"issue":"11","key":"1502_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00986-22","volume":"60","author":"RS Bradbury","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bradbury RS, Sapp SGH, Potters I, Mathison BA, Frean J, Mewara A, et al. Where have all the diagnostic morphological parasitologists gone? J Clin Microbiol. 2022;60(11):e00986-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.00986-22.","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"1502_CR26","first-page":"62","volume":"30","author":"J Salas-Coronas","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salas-Coronas J, Ram\u00edrez-Olivencia G, P\u00e9rez-Arellano JL, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of imported eosinophilia in travellers and immigrants: Recommendations of the Spanish Society of Tropical Medicine and International Health (SEMTSI). Rev Esp Quimioter. 2017;30:62\u201378.","journal-title":"Rev Esp Quimioter"}],"container-title":["Infectious Diseases of Poverty"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:51:03Z","timestamp":1788951063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1502"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40249-026-01502-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["2049-9957"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2049-9957","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 May 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 September 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"9 September 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"This manuscript describes an individual clinical case and does not constitute a research study requiring formal ethical review. According to institutional guidance and applicable national regulations, approval by the local Research Ethics Committee (CEIm) was not required. Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for the use of her clinical information, laboratory results, and images for scientific and educational purposes, including publication. No identifiable patient information is included in this report.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"99"}}