{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:41:24Z","timestamp":1790775684193,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1626220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CDA34760281"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CDA34760281"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23 MH115184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23 MH115184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23DA039800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23DA039800"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008771","name":"Tourette Association of America","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005339","name":"American Academy of Neurology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PPRN\u20101501\u201026848"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPRN\u20101501\u201026848"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K12DK111028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K12DK111028"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Representing the pathological extreme pursuit of muscularity, muscle dysmorphia (MD) is characterized by a pervasive belief or fear around insufficient muscularity and an elevated drive for muscularity. Despite evidence of heightened\u00a0body image-related concerns among gender minority populations, little is known about the degree of MD symptoms among gender minorities, particularly based on Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) scores. The objective of this study was to assess community norms of the MDDI in gender-expansive people, transgender men, and transgender women.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Data from participants in The PRIDE Study, an existing study of health outcomes in sexual and gender minority people, were examined. We calculated means, standard deviations, and percentiles for the MDDI total and subscale scores among gender-expansive people (i.e., those who identify outside of the binary system of man or woman; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091023), transgender men (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009326), and transgender women (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009177). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to assess group differences and post hoc Dunn\u2019s tests were used to examine pairwise differences.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Transgender men reported the highest mean MDDI total score (30.5\u2009\u00b1\u20097.5), followed by gender-expansive people (27.2\u2009\u00b1\u20096.7), then transgender women (24.6\u2009\u00b1\u20095.7). The differences in total MDDI score were driven largely by the Drive for Size subscale and, to a lesser extent, the Functional Impairment subscale. There were no significant differences in the Appearance Intolerance subscale among the three groups.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec><jats:sec>\n                <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                <jats:p>Transgender men reported higher Drive for Size, Functional Impairment, and Total MDDI scores compared to gender-expansive people and transgender women. These norms provide insights into the experience of MD symptoms among gender minorities and can aid researchers and clinicians in the interpretation of MDDI scores among gender minority populations.<\/jats:p>\n              <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:03:06Z","timestamp":1626256986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Community norms of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among gender minority populations"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6541-0604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason M.","family":"Nagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilio J.","family":"Compte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F. Hunter","family":"McGuire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason M.","family":"Lavender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany A.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart B.","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annesa","family":"Flentje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Capriotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micah E.","family":"Lubensky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juno","family":"Obedin-Maliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitchell R.","family":"Lunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"442_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Fifth Edition. Arlington: American Psychiatric Association: 2013.\u00a0\u00a0","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"442_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pope CG, Pope HG, Menard W, Fay C, Olivardia R, Phillips KA. Clinical features of muscle dysmorphia among males with body dysmorphic disorder. Body Image. 2005;2(4):395\u2013400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.09.001.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2005.09.001"},{"key":"442_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Badenes-Ribera L, Rubio-Aparicio M, S\u00e1nchez-Meca J, Fabris MA, Longobardi C. The association between muscle dysmorphia and eating disorder symptomatology: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Behav. Addict. Akademiai Kiado Rt.; 2019. p. 351\u201371.","DOI":"10.1556\/2006.8.2019.44"},{"key":"442_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cafri G, Olivardia R, Thompson JK. Symptom characteristics and psychiatric comorbidity among males with muscle dysmorphia. Compr Psychiatry. 2008;49(4):374\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.01.003.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2008.01.003"},{"key":"442_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mitchell L, Murray SB, Cobley S, Hackett D, Gifford J, Capling L, et al. Muscle dysmorphia symptomatology and associated psychological features in bodybuilders and non-bodybuilder resistance trainers: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2017;47(2):233\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40279-016-0564-3.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-016-0564-3"},{"key":"442_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Santos Filho CA dos, Tirico PP, Stefano SC, Touyz SW, Claudino AM. Systematic review of the diagnostic category muscle dysmorphia. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2016;50(4):322\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0004867415614106.","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415614106"},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/15325024.2018.1428484","volume":"23","author":"SS Sandgren","year":"2018","unstructured":"Sandgren SS, Lavallee D. Muscle dysmorphia research neglects DSM-5 diagnostic criteria. J Loss Trauma Routledge. 2018;23(3):211\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15325024.2018.1428484.","journal-title":"J Loss Trauma Routledge"},{"key":"442_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"White Hughto JM, Reisner SL, Pachankis JE. Transgender stigma and health: A critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:222\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010. Epub 2015 Nov 11.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010"},{"issue":"5","key":"442_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029597","volume":"43","author":"ML Hendricks","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hendricks ML, Testa RJ. A conceptual framework for clinical work with transgender and gender nonconforming clients: an adaptation of the minority stress model. Prof Psychol Res Pract. 2012;43(5):460\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0029597.","journal-title":"Prof Psychol Res Pract"},{"key":"442_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081","volume":"2","author":"RJ Testa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Testa RJ, Habarth J, Peta J, Balsam K, Bockting W. Development of the Gender Minority Stress and Resilience Measure. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2015;2:65\u201377.","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers"},{"key":"442_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Amodeo AL, Esposito C, Antuoni S, Saracco G, Bacchini D. Muscle dysmorphia: what about transgender people? Cult Heal Sex. 2020.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2020.1814968.","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2020.1814968"},{"issue":"4","key":"442_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2362","volume":"23","author":"GL Witcomb","year":"2015","unstructured":"Witcomb GL, Bouman WP, Brewin N, Richards C, Fernandez-Aranda F, Arcelus J. Body image dissatisfaction and eating-related psychopathology in trans individuals: a matched control study. Eur Eat Disord Rev J Eat Disord Assoc. 2015;23(4):287\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/erv.2362.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev J Eat Disord Assoc"},{"key":"442_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1037\/cou0000339","volume":"66","author":"GT Lefevor","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lefevor GT, Boyd-Rogers CC, Sprague BM, Janis RA. Health disparities between genderqueer, transgender, and cisgender individuals: An extension of minority stress theory. J Couns Psychol. 2019;66:385\u201395.","journal-title":"J Couns Psychol"},{"key":"442_CR14","first-page":"428","volume":"44","author":"DJ Rhea","year":"2004","unstructured":"Rhea DJ, Lantz CD, Cornelius AE. Development of the Muscle Dysmorphia Inventory (MDI). J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2004;44:428\u201335 Available from: https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/med\/15758857, [cited 2021 May 21].","journal-title":"J Sports Med Phys Fitness"},{"key":"442_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mayville SB, Williamson DA, White MA, Netemeyer RG, Drab DL. Development of the muscle appearance satisfaction scale: A self-report measure for the assessment of muscle dysmorphia symptoms. Assessment. 2002;9:351\u201360.\u00a0https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191102238156..","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191102238156"},{"issue":"2","key":"442_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.01.001","volume":"1","author":"T Hildebrandt","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hildebrandt T, Langenbucher J, Schlundt DG. Muscularity concerns among men: development of attitudinal and perceptual measures. Body Image. 2004;1(2):169\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2004.01.001.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"442_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.08.002","volume":"31","author":"EJ Compte","year":"2019","unstructured":"Compte EJ, Nagata JM, Sep\u00falveda AR, Rivas A, Sbdar LS, Menga S, et al. Assessment and validation of a Spanish version of the muscle dysmorphia disorder inventory in Argentinian men who exercise: Inventario de Dismorfia muscular. Body Image. 2019;31:24\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2019.08.002.","journal-title":"Body Image."},{"key":"442_CR18","first-page":"41","volume-title":"editor. Atenci\u00f3n a las necesidades comunitarias para la salud","author":"L Galiana-Llinares","year":"2017","unstructured":"Galiana-Llinares L, Badenes-Rivera L, Fuentes-Dur\u00e1n MC. Validaci\u00f3n de la versi\u00f3n espa\u00f1ola del Inventario del Trastorno por Dismorfia Muscular en una muestra de estudiantes universarios. In: Scinfoper, editor. editor. Atenci\u00f3n a las necesidades comunitarias para la salud; 2017. p. 41\u20135."},{"key":"442_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes VMGM, Compte EJ, Almeida M, Campos PF, Queiroz ACC, Pereira LF, et al. Psychometric Properties of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory Among Physically Active Brazilian College Men. Psychol Men Masculinity. 2020;21(4):622\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/men0000307.","DOI":"10.1037\/men0000307"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.26582\/k.51.1.3","volume":"51","author":"SS Sandgren","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sandgren SS, Giske R, Shalfawi SAI. Muscle dysmorphia in norwegian gym-going men: an initial investigation. Kinesiology. 2019;51(1):12\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26582\/k.51.1.3.","journal-title":"Kinesiology."},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.03.006","volume":"9","author":"E Santarnecchi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Santarnecchi E, D\u00e8ttore D. Muscle dysmorphia in different degrees of bodybuilding activities: validation of the Italian version of muscle dysmorphia disorder inventory and bodybuilder image grid. Body Image. 2012;9(3):396\u2013403. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.03.006.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"442_CR22","first-page":"483","volume":"272","author":"AR Sep\u00falveda","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sep\u00falveda AR, Rica R, Moreno A, Rom\u00e1n FJ, Compte EJ. Asessing the male body image: Spanish validation of two instruments. Psychiatry. 2019;272:483\u201390.","journal-title":"Psychiatry"},{"key":"442_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zeeck A, Welter V, Alatas H, Hildebrandt T, Lahmann C, Hartmann A. Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI): Validation of a German version with a focus on gender. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0207535.\u00a0","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207535"},{"key":"442_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2021.04.008","volume":"38","author":"EJ Compte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Compte EJ, Cattle CJ, Lavender JM, Murray SB, Brown TA, Capriotti MR, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Muscle Dysmorphic Disorder Inventory (MDDI) among cisgender gay men and cisgender lesbian women. Body Image. 2021;38:241\u201350 Available from: https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1740144521000619. [cited 2021 May 19].","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"issue":"5","key":"442_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0216282","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216282","volume":"14","author":"MR Lunn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lunn MR, Capriotti MR, Flentje A, Bibbins-Domingo K, Pletcher MJ, Triano AJ, et al. Using mobile technology to engage sexual and gender minorities in clinical research. Plos One. 2019;14(5):e0216282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0216282.","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"442_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lunn MR, Lubensky M, Hunt C, Flentje A, Capriotti MR, Sooksaman C, et al. A digital health research platform for community engagement, recruitment, and retention of sexual and gender minority adults in a national longitudinal cohort study--The PRIDE Study. J Am Med Informatics Assoc JAMIA. 2019;26(8-9):737\u201348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jamia\/ocz082.","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocz082"},{"key":"442_CR27","first-page":"132","volume":"10","author":"J Str\u00fcbel","year":"2019","unstructured":"Str\u00fcbel J, Petrie TA. Appearance and performance enhancing drug usage and psychological well-being in gay and heterosexual men. Psychol Sex Routledge. 2019;10:132\u201348.","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Routledge"},{"key":"442_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Katz MH. Study design and statistical analysis: a practical guide for clinicians. Study Des. Stat. Anal. A Pract. Guid. Clin. Cambridge University Press; 2006, doi: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511616761.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511616761"},{"key":"442_CR29","unstructured":"Revelle W. psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Evanston: Northwestern University; 2018. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych."},{"key":"442_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v056.i06","volume":"56","author":"M Jamshidian","year":"2014","unstructured":"Jamshidian M, Jalal S, Jansen C. Missmech: an R package for testing homoscedasticity, multivariate normality, and missing completely at random (MCAR). J Stat Softw. 2014;56:1\u201331.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"442_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v045.i03","volume":"45","author":"S van Buuren","year":"2011","unstructured":"van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: Multivariate imputation by chained equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45:1\u201367.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.08.020","volume":"66","author":"JM Nagata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nagata JM, Domingue BW, Darmstadt GL, Weber AM, Meausoone V, Cislaghi B, et al. Gender norms and weight control behaviors in U.S. adolescents: a prospective cohort study (1994-2002). J Adolesc Heal Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2020;66(1):S34\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2019.08.020.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Heal Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med"},{"key":"442_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2016.1250618","volume":"26","author":"R Farber","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farber R. Transing\u2019 fitness and remapping transgender male masculinity in online message boards. J Gend Stud. 2017;26:254\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09589236.2016.1250618.","journal-title":"J Gend Stud"},{"issue":"1","key":"442_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.10.004","volume":"60","author":"SB Murray","year":"2017","unstructured":"Murray SB. Gender identity and eating disorders: the need to delineate novel pathways for eating disorder symptomatology. J Adolesc Health. 2017;60(1):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2016.10.004.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"442_CR35","unstructured":"Vegter V. Conceptualizing Masculinity in Female-to-Male Trans-Identified Individuals: A Qualitative Inquiry Conceptualisation de la masculinit\u00e9 chez les personnes \u00e0 transidentit\u00e9 femme-homme : une enqu\u00eate qualitative. Can J Couns Psychother. 2013;47(1). https:\/\/cjc-rcc.ucalgary.ca\/article\/view\/60923."},{"issue":"3","key":"442_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.3149\/jmh.1103.227","volume":"11","author":"SB Murray","year":"2012","unstructured":"Murray SB, Touyz SW. Masculinity, femininity and male body image: a recipe for future research. Int J Mens Health. 2012;11(3):227\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3149\/jmh.1103.227.","journal-title":"Int J Mens Health"},{"key":"442_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodgers RF, Franko DL, Lovering ME, et al. Development and Validation of the Female Muscularity Scale. Sex Roles. 2018;78(2):18\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-017-0775-6.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-017-0775-6"},{"key":"442_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galupo MP, Pulice-Farrow L, Pehl E. \u201cThere Is Nothing to Do About It\u201d: Nonbinary Individuals\u2019 Experience of Gender Dysphoria. Transgender Heal. 2021;6(2):101-110. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2020.0041.","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2020.0041"},{"key":"442_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2019.1591789","volume":"67","author":"KKH Tan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tan KKH, Treharne GJ, Ellis SJ, Schmidt JM, Veale F. Gender minority stress : a critical review. J Homosex. 2020;67:1471\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2019.1591789.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"442_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.01453","volume":"10","author":"C Scandurra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scandurra C, Mezza F, Maldonato NM, Bottone M, Bochicchio V, Valerio P, et al. Health of non-binary and genderqueer people: A systematic review. Front Psychol. 2019;10:1453.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"issue":"10","key":"442_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102133","volume":"15","author":"ME Aparicio-Garc\u00eda","year":"2018","unstructured":"Aparicio-Garc\u00eda ME, D\u00edaz-Ramiro EM, Rubio-Valdehita S, L\u00f3pez-N\u00fa\u00f1ez MI, Garc\u00eda-Nieto I. Health and well-being of cisgender, transgender and non-binary young people. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(10):2133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph15102133.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"442_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1608422","volume":"57","author":"KC Johnson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Johnson KC, Leblanc AJ, Deardorff J, Bockting WO, Johnson KC, Leblanc AJ, et al. Invalidation experiences among non-binary adolescents invalidation experiences among non-binary adolescents. J Sex Res. 2020;57:222\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2019.1608422.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"442_CR43","volume-title":"The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey","author":"SE James","year":"2016","unstructured":"James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M, Mottet L, Anafi M. The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/transequality.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/usts\/USTS-Full-Report-Dec17.pdf"},{"key":"442_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2576","volume":"26","author":"BA Jones","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jones BA, Haycraft E, Bouman WP, Brewin N, Claes L, Arcelus J. Risk Factors for Eating Disorder Psychopathology within the Treatment Seeking Transgender Population: The Role of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment. Eur Eat Disord Rev. 2018;26:120\u20138 Available from: http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/29318711. [cited 2020 mar 16].","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disord Rev"},{"key":"442_CR45","first-page":"927","volume":"36","author":"RJ Testa","year":"2017","unstructured":"Testa RJ, Rider GN, Haug NA, Balsam KF. Gender confirming medical interventions and eating disorder symptoms among transgender individuals. Heal Psychol Off J Div Heal Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2017;36:927\u201336.","journal-title":"Heal Psychol Off J Div Heal Psychol Am Psychol Assoc"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]],"date-time":"2021-07-14T10:31:39Z","timestamp":1626258699000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/jeatdisord.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["442"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-021-00442-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 April 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 July 2021","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"14 July 2021","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The University of California, San Francisco and Stanford University Institutional Review Boards approved this study (#16\u201321213). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}},{"value":"Dr. Juno Obedin-Maliver has consulted for Sage Therapeutics (5\/2017) in a one-day advisory board, Ibis Reproductive Health (a non-for-profit research group; 3\/2017\u20135\/2018, 2020-present), Folx, Inc. (2020 \u2013 present), and Hims Inc. (2019 - present). Dr. Lunn has consulted for Hims Inc. (2019 - present) and Folx, Inc. (2020). None of these roles present a conflict of interest with this work as described here. The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}}],"article-number":"87"}}