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It has been reported that patients diagnosed with Severe Enduring Anorexia Nervosa (SE-AN) have worse ED symptoms, higher rates of lifetime hospitalization, and lower psychosocial well-being compared to patients with shorter disease duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0This review aims to describe the treatments proposed to date and their effectiveness on SE-AN-related outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0We conducted a PubMed search for studies addressing the issue of treatment approach to SE-AN adults, that were published between 2003 and 2023, peer-reviewed, written in the English language, and available in full-text. Next, we inductively created relevant macro-themes by synthesizing the data from the included articles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0Of 251 PubMed studies, 25 articles were considered for data extraction, all published between 2003 and 2022. We identified three macro-themes. The first macro-theme, \u201cPsychotherapy\u201d, mostly takes into consideration treatment effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Various reports determined its greater effectiveness compared to Specialist Supportive Clinical Management (SSCM), and one study proved that outpatient CBT is a valid alternative to hospitalization. The second one involves \u201cPharmacological Treatments\u201d. Research on dronabinol, a synthetic orexigenic cannabinoid, antipsychotics (in particular, olanzapine and haloperidol), and ketamine showed some mixed results regarding the often-complementary areas of weight gain and improvement in ED-related symptoms. Regarding the third macro-theme, \u201cBrain Stimulation Therapies,\u201d such as Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), we found promising results in improving ED-related psychological traits (such as mood and anxiety), affective regulation, and quality of life. However, we have observed divergent results regarding outcome measures such as BMI and weight gain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u00a0SE-AN patients are predicted to encounter both medical complications and psychological distress of increasing severity that will inevitably affect their quality of life; to our knowledge, research evidence on treatment options for SE-AN remains limited, and the methodological quality of studies is generally low. These findings denote the need to focus future research efforts on effective treatment strategies specific to long-lasting EDs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-024-01006-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T08:02:42Z","timestamp":1713859362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Severe enduring anorexia nervosa (SE-AN) treatment options and their effectiveness: a review of literature"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Federica","family":"Marcolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Ravaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Tempia Valenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanna","family":"Bosco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgia","family":"Marconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"De Ronchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Atti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"1006_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.113","volume":"216","author":"SR Dobrescu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dobrescu SR, Dinkler L, Gillberg C, R\u00e5stam M, Gillberg C, Wentz E. 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