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Unfortunately, little is known about grazing in adolescence, which is aggravated by the lack of validated measures for this population. This study investigates the psychological aspects of grazing in adolescence and provides psychometric support for a brief self-report measure, the Rep(eat)-Q.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A community sample of middle\/high school students (n\u2009=\u2009358, 55.6% females) and a clinical sample with overweight\/obesity (n\u2009=\u2009204, 59.8% females), completed a set of self-report questionnaires assessing eating and psychological variables including the Rep(eat)-Q. Weight and height data were also collected (Community: M\n                      <jats:sub>z-BMI<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.39, SD\u2009=\u20090.98; Clinical: M\n                      <jats:sub>z-BMI<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20092.39, SD\u2009=\u20090.74).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Confirmatory factor analysis revealed an adequate fit [(\u03c72(107)\u2009=\u2009389.77;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; CFI\u2009=\u20090.99; TLI\u2009=\u20090.99; NFI\u2009=\u20090.99; SRMR\u2009=\u20090.062; RMSEA\u2009=\u20090.098] for a second-order (grazing) model with two first-order factors (repetitive eating and compulsive grazing subscales) with good reliability (0.85\u2009&lt;\u2009\u03b1\u2009&lt;\u20090.91). Metric and scalar invariance were confirmed, allowing comparisons between samples. Compared with clinical adolescents, community adolescents reported higher scores on the Rep(eat)-Q total (Community: M\u2009=\u20091.86, SD\u2009=\u20091.30; Clinical: M\u2009=\u20091.53, SD\u2009=\u20091.35;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (559)\u2009= \u2212\u20092.81;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.005) and repetitive eating subscale (Community: M\u2009=\u20092.04, SD\u2009=\u20091.44; Clinical: M\u2009=\u20091.52, SD\u2009=\u20091.35;\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      (560)\u2009= \u2212\u20094.24;\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001). The Rep(eat)-Q total score and subscales scores were significantly positively correlated with eating disorder psychopathology and inversely correlated with intuitive eating, suggesting good convergent validity (0.11\u2009&lt;\u2009r\u2009&lt;\u20090.63). Similarly, adolescents scoring higher on grazing also present more psychological distress and poor cognitive and emotional functioning (0.15\u2009&lt;\u2009r\u2009&lt;\u20090.50). Psychological variables (i.e., depression, anxiety, and negative urgency) explained 21.8% of the variance in the grazing score, independent of sex, age, and BMI z-score [F(6, 490)\u2009=\u200922.87,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.001; R\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.218].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Rep(eat)-Q is a reliable self-reported measure for assessing grazing in adolescents. These findings provide further support for the conceptualization of grazing in the spectrum of disordered eating and psychopathology in adolescents.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01344-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T16:01:43Z","timestamp":1764172903000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Psychological aspects of grazing in adolescents: Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Rep(eat)-Q in community and clinical samples"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"S\u00edlvia","family":"F\u00e9lix","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Mar\u00f4co","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreia","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"1344_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5080\/u27276","author":"M Anafarta-\u015eenda\u011f","year":"2023","unstructured":"Anafarta-\u015eenda\u011f M, T\u0131\u011frak A, \u00d6zbek-\u015eim\u015fek D. 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Both studies were approved by the University of Minho ethical committee [Community sample: CEICSH 059\/2021; Clinical sample: SECVS142\/2015], and the clinical study was also approved by the hospital ethical committees [S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o Hospital Center (CHSJ): 2015.192(164-DEFI\/153-ES; Oporto Hospital Center\u2014Northern Maternal and Child Center (CMIN): 19\/06\/2015]. All participants and their parents signed an informed consent document prior to data collection.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"All participants (and their parent\/legal guardian) gave their informed consent for inclusion before they participated in the study. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and the protocol was approved by the ethical committee for research in social and human sciences from University of Minho, hospital ethical committees (ethical committee for health from S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o University Hospital Center, and ethical committee from Santo Antonio University Hospital Center), and pedagogic councils of the involved school.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}],"article-number":"273"}}