{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T17:12:56Z","timestamp":1767892376577,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767830400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":29,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg im Breisgau"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Eat Disord"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Disordered eating behaviors (DEBs), including restrictive eating, binge eating and purging, are associated with mental health problems and an increased risk of eating disorders (EDs), which often occur in adolescence and can have serious health consequences. In addition, the increasing rates of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents raise concerns about their associated physical and mental health risks. Attentional biases (ABs) to food- and body-related cues have been proposed as cognitive mechanisms that contribute to the development and maintenance of EDs and are also discussed in the etiology of overweight and obesity. While theoretical models suggest that ABs may contribute to the maintenance of EDs, DEBs, and obesity, empirical evidence in young populations is still limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD42023399292) examined literature from PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus on ABs to food- and body-related stimuli in children and adolescents with overweight, obesity, or ED symptoms, compared to healthy comparisons. A total of 30 peer-reviewed studies published in English since 2003 were included.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The evidence on AB for food in young people with overweight and obesity remains inconclusive, and studies provide conflicting results. Similarly, studies in adolescents with AN show heightened attention to low-calorie foods and inconsistent attentional patterns toward high-calorie foods, indicating a complex and heterogeneous picture. Evidence on AB for food in young people with BED is scarce, with one study reporting an attentional bias towards food. For LOC eating, findings were mixed and less conclusive. This suggests that body-related AB may serve as a relevant marker for the psychopathology of EDs, particularly in AN.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review underscores the role of ABs in EDs and overweight\/obesity and highlights methodological inconsistencies as well as research gaps, particularly in samples beyond AN and overweight\/obesity. Future studies should therefore employ standardized methods, diverse samples, and developmental perspectives to improve understanding of AB in the etiology of these pathologies and inform targeted interventions for at-risk youth.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T08:55:39Z","timestamp":1765356939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Food and body-related attentional biases in children and adolescents with eating disorder symptoms, overweight and obesity: a systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1186","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6990-8557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maarit","family":"Pelzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2544-7610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Brockmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2565-7792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brunna","family":"Tuschen-Caffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2312-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Werthmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"1459_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2013.","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"1459_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2006.09.007","volume":"106","author":"ADA","year":"2006","unstructured":"ADA. Position of the American dietetic association: nutrition intervention in the treatment of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and other eating disorders. J Am Diet Assoc. 2006;106:2073\u201382.","journal-title":"J Am Diet Assoc"},{"key":"1459_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.08.003","volume":"31","author":"PE Jenkins","year":"2011","unstructured":"Jenkins PE, Hoste RR, Meyer C, Blissett JM. Eating disorders and quality of life: A review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:113\u201321.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2011.05.010","volume":"50","author":"D Neumark-Sztainer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Neumark-Sztainer D, Wall M, Story M, Standish AR. Dieting and unhealthy weight control behaviors during adolescence: associations with 10-Year changes in body mass index. J Adolesc Health. 2012;50:80\u20136.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"1459_CR5","unstructured":"Brownell KD, Walsh BT. Eating disorders and obesity: a comprehensive handbook, 3rd ed. Brownell KD, Walsh BT, editors. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2018. http:\/\/www.redi-bw.de\/db\/ebsco.php\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Dpsyh%26AN%3D2017-08404-000%26site%3Dehost-live."},{"key":"1459_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.040","volume":"61","author":"JI Hudson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hudson JI, Hiripi E, Pope HGJr, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the National comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007;61:348\u201358.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00081-X","volume":"3","author":"U Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt U, Adan R, B\u00f6hm I, Campbell IC, Dingemans A, Ehrlich S, et al. Eating disorders: the big issue. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:313\u20135.","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016481","volume":"118","author":"E Stice","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stice E, Marti CN, Shaw H, Jaconis M. An 8-year longitudinal study of the natural history of threshold, subthreshold, and partial eating disorders from a community sample of adolescents. J Abnorm Psychol. 2009;118:587\u201397.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046838.90931.44","volume":"42","author":"RH Striegel-Moore","year":"2003","unstructured":"Striegel-Moore RH, Seeley JR, Lewinsohn PM. Psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood of women who experienced an eating disorder during adolescence. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2003;42:587\u201393.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000818","volume":"35","author":"Y Sil\u00e9n","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sil\u00e9n Y, Keski-Rahkonen A. Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2022;35:362\u201371.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070829","volume":"10","author":"FQ da Luz","year":"2018","unstructured":"da Luz FQ, Hay P, Touyz S, Sainsbury A. Obesity with comorbid eating disorders: associated health risks and treatment approaches. Nutrients. 2018;10:829.","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"1459_CR12","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/indicator-metadata-registry\/imr-details\/3420. Accessed 27 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1459_CR13","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/obesity-and-overweight. Accessed 27 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1459_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.143916","volume":"1","author":"A Mathews","year":"2005","unstructured":"Mathews A, MacLeod C. Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2005;1:167\u201395.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01176209","volume":"14","author":"KB Vitousek","year":"1990","unstructured":"Vitousek KB, Hollon SD. The investigation of schematic content and processing in eating disorders. Cognit Ther Res. 1990;14:191\u2013214.","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"1459_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503259853","volume":"28","author":"DA Williamson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Williamson DA, White MA, York-Crowe E, Stewart TM. Cognitive-behavioral theories of eating disorders. Behav Modif. 2004;28:711\u201338.","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"1459_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2010.09.006","volume":"31","author":"S Brooks","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brooks S, Prince A, Stahl D, Campbell IC, Treasure J. A systematic review and meta-analysis of cognitive bias to food stimuli in people with disordered eating behaviour. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31:37\u201351.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2003.09.004","volume":"23","author":"KS Dobson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Dobson KS, Dozois DJA. Attentional biases in eating disorders: A meta-analytic review of Stroop performance. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;23:1001\u201322.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1080\/10640260290081696","volume":"10","author":"GJ Faunce","year":"2002","unstructured":"Faunce GJ. Eating disorders and attentional bias: A review. Eat Disord. 2002;10:125\u201339.","journal-title":"Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665114001451","volume":"74","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Jansen A, Roefs A. Worry or craving? A selective review of evidence for food-related attention biases in obese individuals, eating-disorder patients, restrained eaters and healthy samples. Proc Nutr Soc. 2015;74:99\u2013114.","journal-title":"Proc Nutr Soc"},{"key":"1459_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(02)00088-8","volume":"41","author":"CG Fairburn","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fairburn CG, Cooper Z, Shafran R. Cognitive behaviour therapy for eating disorders: a transdiagnostic theory and treatment. Behav Res Ther. 2003;41:509\u201328.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445599234003","volume":"23","author":"DA Williamson","year":"1999","unstructured":"Williamson DA, Muller SL, Reas DL, Thaw JM. Cognitive bias in eating disorders: implications for theory and treatment. Behav Modif. 1999;23:556\u201377.","journal-title":"Behav Modif"},{"key":"1459_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S1740-1445(03)00007-X","volume":"1","author":"MB Schwartz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Schwartz MB, Brownell KD. Obesity and body image. Body Image. 2004;1:43\u201356.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"1459_CR24","first-page":"424","volume":"9","author":"N-A Weinberger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Weinberger N-A, Kersting A, Riedel-Heller SG, Luck-Sikorski C. Body dissatisfaction in individuals with obesity compared to Normal-Weight individuals: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Public Health. 2016;9:424\u201341.","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"1459_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.05.003","volume":"43","author":"CM Grilo","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grilo CM, Reas DL, Brody ML, Burke-Martindale CH, Rothschild BS, Masheb RM. Body checking and avoidance and the core features of eating disorders among obese men and women seeking bariatric surgery. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:629\u201337.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000026","volume":"142 1","author":"ER Pool","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pool ER, Brosch T, Delplanque S, Sander D. Attentional bias for positive emotional stimuli: A meta-analytic investigation. Psychol Bull. 2016;142 1:79\u2013106.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1459_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980009992850","volume":"13","author":"JM Goris","year":"2010","unstructured":"Goris JM, Petersen S, Stamatakis E, Veerman JL. Television food advertising and the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity: a multicountry comparison. Public Health Nutr. 2010;13:1003\u201312.","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2004.09.010","volume":"28","author":"J Hill","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hill J, Catenacci V, Wyatt H. Obesity: overview of an epidemic. Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2005;28:1\u201323. vii.","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"1459_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science (1979). 1998;280:1371\u20134.","DOI":"10.1126\/science.280.5368.1371"},{"key":"1459_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140","volume":"24","author":"B Wansink","year":"2004","unstructured":"Wansink B. Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers. Annu Rev Nutr. 2004;24:455\u201379.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR31","unstructured":"BMEL - Kinder. Kita und Schule - Mehr Kinderschutz in der Werbung: Pl\u00e4ne f\u00fcr klare Regeln zu an Kinder gerichteter Lebensmittelwerbung. https:\/\/www.bmel.de\/DE\/themen\/ernaehrung\/gesunde-ernaehrung\/kita-und-schule\/lebensmittelwerbung-kinder.html. Accessed 27 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1459_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-012-0011-1","volume":"1","author":"IMT Nijs","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nijs IMT, Franken IHA. Attentional processing of food cues in overweight and obese individuals. Curr Obes Rep. 2012;1:106\u201313.","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"1459_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9611038.x","volume":"96","author":"TE Robinson","year":"2001","unstructured":"Robinson TE, Berridge KC. Incentive-sensitization and addiction. Addiction. 2001;96:103\u201314.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"1459_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2009.138","volume":"33","author":"EH Castellanos","year":"2009","unstructured":"Castellanos EH, Charboneau E, Dietrich MS, Park S, Bradley BP, Mogg K, et al. Obese adults have visual attention bias for food cue images: evidence for altered reward system function. Int J Obes. 2009;33:1063\u201373.","journal-title":"Int J Obes"},{"key":"1459_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0149-7634(95)00033-B","volume":"20","author":"KC Berridge","year":"1996","unstructured":"Berridge KC. Food reward: brain substrates of wanting and liking. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 1996;20:1\u201325.","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2282","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2010.78","volume":"18","author":"R Calitri","year":"2010","unstructured":"Calitri R, Pothos EM, Tapper K, Brunstrom JM, Rogers PJ. Cognitive biases to healthy and unhealthy food words predict change in BMI. Obesity. 2010;18:2282\u20137.","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"1459_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1037\/a0017796","volume":"17","author":"E Kemps","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kemps E, Tiggemann M. Attentional bias for Craving-Related (Chocolate) food cues. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009;17:425\u201333.","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"1459_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000069","volume":"33","author":"E Kemps","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Hollitt S. Biased attentional processing of food cues and modification in obese individuals. Health Psychol. 2014;33:1391.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1037\/xap0000005","volume":"20","author":"E Kemps","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kemps E, Tiggemann M, Orr J, Grear J. Attentional retraining can reduce chocolate consumption. J Exp Psychol Appl. 2014;20:94.","journal-title":"J Exp Psychol Appl"},{"key":"1459_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000225","volume":"34","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Jansen A, Vreugdenhil ACE, Nederkoorn C, Schyns G, Roefs A. Food through the child\u2019s eye: an eye-tracking study on attentional bias for food in healthy-weight children and children with obesity. Health Psychol. 2015;34:1123\u201332.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2013.06.087","volume":"70","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2013","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Roefs A, Nederkoorn C, Jansen A. Desire Lies in the eyes: attention bias for chocolate is related to craving and self-endorsed eating permission. Appetite. 2013;70:81\u20139.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024291","volume":"30","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2011","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Roefs A, Nederkoorn C, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Jansen A. Can (not) take my eyes off it: attention bias for food in overweight participants. Health Psychol. 2011;30:561.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104986","volume":"157","author":"CA Hardman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hardman CA, Jones A, Burton S, Duckworth JJ, McGale LS, Mead BR, et al. Food-related attentional bias and its associations with appetitive motivation and body weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Appetite. 2021;157:104986.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2003.10.004","volume":"24","author":"M Lee","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lee M, Shafran R. Information processing biases in eating disorders. Clin Psychol Rev. 2004;24:215\u201338.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2013.01.003","volume":"36","author":"WH Kaye","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kaye WH, Wierenga CE, Bailer UF, Simmons AN, Bischoff-Grethe A. Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa. Trends Neurosci. 2013;36:110\u201320.","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"1459_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddy KT, Plessow F, Breithaupt L, Becker KR, Slattery M, Mancuso CJ et al. Neural activation of regions involved in food reward and cognitive control in young females with anorexia nervosa and atypical anorexia nervosa versus healthy controls. Transl Psychiatry. 2023;13:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02494-3"},{"key":"1459_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meule A, K\u00fcppers C, Harms L, Friederich HC, Schmidt U, Blechert J et al. Food cue-induced craving in individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):e0204151.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204151"},{"key":"1459_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20785","volume":"44","author":"KE Giel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giel KE, Teufel M, Friederich HC, Hautzinger M, Enck P, Zipfel S. Processing of pictorial food stimuli in patients with eating disorders\u2014A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2011;44:105\u201317.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.09.047","volume":"69","author":"KE Giel","year":"2011","unstructured":"Giel KE, Friederich H-C, Teufel M, Hautzinger M, Enck P, Zipfel S. Attentional processing of food pictures in individuals with anorexia nervosa\u2014An eye-tracking study. Biol Psychiatry. 2011;69:661\u20137.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.12.003","volume":"46","author":"E Smeets","year":"2008","unstructured":"Smeets E, Roefs A, van Furth E, Jansen A. Attentional bias for body and food in eating disorders: increased distraction, speeded detection, or both? Behav Res Ther. 2008;46:229\u201338.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23064","volume":"52","author":"J Werthmann","year":"2019","unstructured":"Werthmann J, Simic M, Konstantellou A, Mansfield P, Mercado D, van Ens W, et al. Same, same but different: attention bias for food cues in adults and adolescents with anorexia nervosa. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52:681\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1080\/02699931.2012.749777","volume":"27","author":"V Aspen","year":"2013","unstructured":"Aspen V, Darcy AM, Lock J. A review of attention biases in women with eating disorders. Cogn Emot. 2013;27:820.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"1459_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-018-0216-5","volume":"12","author":"K Schuck","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schuck K, Munsch S, Schneider S. Body image perceptions and symptoms of disturbed eating behavior among children and adolescents in Germany. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. 2018;12:10.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health"},{"key":"1459_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00278-015-0058-z","volume":"60","author":"M Cordes","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cordes M, Bauer A, Waldorf M, Vocks S. K\u00f6rperbezogene aufmerksamkeitsverzerrungen Bei Frauen und M\u00e4nnern: Potenzieller Risikofaktor f\u00fcr die entstehung und aufrechterhaltung eines gest\u00f6rten K\u00f6rperbilds. Psychotherapeut (Berl). 2015;60:477\u201387.","journal-title":"Psychotherapeut (Berl)"},{"key":"1459_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2004.01.003","volume":"43","author":"A Jansen","year":"2005","unstructured":"Jansen A, Nederkoorn C, Mulkens S. Selective visual attention for ugly and beautiful body parts in eating disorders. Behav Res Ther. 2005;43:183\u201396.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0145886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145886","volume":"10","author":"B Tuschen-Caffier","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tuschen-Caffier B, Bender C, Caffier D, Klenner K, Braks K, Svaldi J. Selective visual attention during mirror exposure in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. PLoS ONE. 2016;10:e0145886.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2008.04.008","volume":"51","author":"A Roefs","year":"2008","unstructured":"Roefs A, Jansen A, Moresi S, Willems P, van Grootel S, van der Borgh A. Looking good. BMI, attractiveness bias and visual attention. Appetite. 2008;51:552\u20135.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0188186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0188186","volume":"12","author":"A Bauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bauer A, Schneider S, Waldorf M, Adolph D, Vocks S. Familial transmission of a body-related attentional bias - An eye-tracking study in a nonclinical sample of female adolescents and their mothers. PLoS ONE. 2017;12:e0188186.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2016.04.006","volume":"46","author":"RF Rodgers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodgers RF, DuBois RH. Cognitive biases to appearance-related stimuli in body dissatisfaction: A systematic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2016;46:1\u201311.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0140813","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0140813","volume":"10","author":"P Warschburger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warschburger P, Calvano C, Richter EM, Engbert R. Analysis of attentional bias towards attractive and unattractive body regions among overweight males and females: an Eye-Movement study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0140813.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022266017046","volume":"6","author":"HL Littleton","year":"2003","unstructured":"Littleton HL, Ollendick T. Negative body image and disordered eating behavior in children and adolescents: what places youth at risk and how can these problems be prevented? Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev. 2003;6:51\u201366.","journal-title":"Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2012.09.001","volume":"10","author":"MM Bucchianeri","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bucchianeri MM, Arikian AJ, Hannan PJ, Eisenberg ME, Neumark-Sztainer D. Body dissatisfaction from adolescence to young adulthood: findings from a 10-Year longitudinal study. Body Image. 2013;10:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"1459_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0356-3","volume":"45","author":"RF Rodgers","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodgers RF, McLean SA, Marques M, Dunstan CJ, Paxton SJ. Trajectories of body dissatisfaction and dietary restriction in early adolescent girls: A latent class growth analysis. J Youth Adolesc. 2016;45:1664\u201377.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"key":"1459_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10367","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1104047108","volume":"108","author":"BA Anderson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Anderson BA, Laurent PA, Yantis S. Value-driven attentional capture. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2011;108:10367\u201371.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"1459_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-002-0097-2","volume":"66","author":"D LaBerge","year":"2002","unstructured":"LaBerge D. Attentional control: brief and prolonged. Psychol Res. 2002;66:220\u201333.","journal-title":"Psychol Res"},{"key":"1459_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094256","volume":"30","author":"EI Knudsen","year":"2007","unstructured":"Knudsen EI. Fundamental components of attention. Annu Rev Neurosci. 2007;30:57\u201378.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"1459_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135","volume":"151","author":"D Moher","year":"2009","unstructured":"Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151:264\u20139.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"1459_CR68","unstructured":"Study Quality Assessment Tools | NHLBI. NIH. https:\/\/www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/health-topics\/study-quality-assessment-tools. Accessed 26 Feb 2025."},{"key":"1459_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-020-00290-8","volume":"8","author":"SC Biehl","year":"2020","unstructured":"Biehl SC, Keil J, Naumann E, Svaldi J. ERP and oscillatory differences in overweight\/obese and normal-weight adolescents in response to food stimuli. J Eat Disord. 2020;8:14.","journal-title":"J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21254","volume":"23","author":"J Hofmann","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hofmann J, Ardelt-Gattinger E, Paulmichl K, Weghuber D, Blechert J. Dietary restraint and impulsivity modulate neural responses to food in adolescents with obesity and healthy adolescents. Obes (Silver Spring). 2015;23:2183\u20139.","journal-title":"Obes (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"1459_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6sling C, Sch\u00e4fer L, H\u00fcbner C, Sebert C, Hilbert A, Schmidt R. Food-Induced brain activity in children with overweight or obesity versus normal weight: an electroencephalographic pilot study. Brain Sci. 2022;12:1653.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12121653"},{"key":"1459_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2017.06.006","volume":"44","author":"SN Fearnbach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fearnbach SN, Silvert L, Pereira B, Boirie Y, Duclos M, Keller KL, et al. Reduced neural responses to food cues might contribute to the anorexigenic effect of acute exercise observed in obese but not lean adolescents. Nutr Res. 2017;44:76\u201384.","journal-title":"Nutr Res"},{"key":"1459_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s10548-020-00812-2","volume":"34","author":"S Woltering","year":"2021","unstructured":"Woltering S, Chen S, Jia Y. Neural correlates of attentional bias to food stimuli in obese adolescents. Brain Topogr. 2021;34:182\u201391.","journal-title":"Brain Topogr"},{"key":"1459_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2015.06.013","volume":"19","author":"DJ Hume","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hume DJ, Howells FM, Karpul D, Rauch HGL, Kroff J, Lambert EV. Cognitive control over visual food cue saliency is greater in reduced-overweight\/obese but not in weight relapsed women: an EEG study. Eat Behav. 2015;19:76\u201380.","journal-title":"Eat Behav"},{"key":"1459_CR75","first-page":"143","volume":"7","author":"H Marzbani","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marzbani H, Marateb HR, Mansourian M, Neurofeedback. A comprehensive review on system Design, methodology and clinical applications. Basic Clin Neurosci. 2016;7:143\u201358.","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"1459_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1207\/S15374424JCCP3201_04","volume":"32","author":"C Braet","year":"2003","unstructured":"Braet C, Crombez G. Cognitive interference due to food cues in childhood obesity. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2003;32:32\u20139.","journal-title":"J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jecp.2019.04.014","volume":"185","author":"LM Rojo-Bofill","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rojo-Bofill LM, Ortiz-Rold\u00e1n A, Moreno-Gim\u00e9nez A, Rojo-Moreno L, Vitoria I, Correcher P, et al. The role of attentional biases to appetitive stimuli in childhood overweight. J Exp Child Psychol. 2019;185:206\u201313.","journal-title":"J Exp Child Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644512","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.644512","volume":"12","author":"L Vervoort","year":"2021","unstructured":"Vervoort L, Braun M, De Schryver M, Naets T, Koster EHW, Braet C. A pictorial Dot probe task to assess Food-Related attentional bias in youth with and without obesity: overview of indices and evaluation of their reliability. Front Psychol. 2021;12:644512.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1348\/135910706X107604","volume":"12","author":"B Soetens","year":"2007","unstructured":"Soetens B, Braet C. Information processing of food cues in overweight and normal weight adolescents. Br J Health Psychol. 2007;12:285\u2013304.","journal-title":"Br J Health Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akcay E, Oztop DB, Ayd\u0131n \u00d6, Caglar E, Aycan Z. Dynamic changes in the food-cue processing of obese adolescents: a controlled eye-tracking study from a dual-system perspective. Appetite. 2022;168:105734.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105734"},{"key":"1459_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Folkvord F, Ansch\u00fctz DJ, Buijzen M. Attentional bias for food cues in advertising among overweight and hungry children: an explorative experimental study. Food Qual Prefer. 2020;79:103792.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodqual.2019.103792"},{"key":"1459_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.01.003","volume":"114","author":"NC Jonker","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jonker NC, Glashouwer KA, Hoekzema A, Ostafin BD, de Jong PJ. Attentional engagement with and disengagement from food cues in anorexia nervosa. Behav Res Ther. 2019;114:15\u201324.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR83","first-page":"169","volume":"19","author":"A Novosel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Novosel A, Lackner N, Unterrainer H-F, Dunitz-Scheer M, Scheer PJZ, Wallner-Liebmann SJ, et al. Motivational processing of food cues in anorexia nervosa: a pilot study. Eating and weight Disorders - Studies on anorexia. Bulimia Obes. 2014;19:169\u201375.","journal-title":"Bulimia Obes"},{"key":"1459_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104800","volume":"154","author":"S Horndasch","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horndasch S, Oschmann S, Graap H, Heinrich H, Moll G, Kratz O. Attention towards food: conflicting mechanisms in anorexia nervosa. Appetite. 2020;154:104800.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.3040","volume":"32","author":"V Stonawski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Stonawski V, Mai-Lippold SA, Graap H, Moll GH, Kratz O, Van Doren J, et al. Processing of food stimuli in anorexia nervosa: an ERP-study comparing adolescents and adults. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2024;32:281\u201397.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disorders Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2016.05.016","volume":"80","author":"R Schmidt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schmidt R, L\u00fcthold P, Kittel R, Tetzlaff A, Hilbert A. Visual attentional bias for food in adolescents with binge-eating disorder. J Psychiatr Res. 2016;80:22\u20139.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"1459_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1037\/a0021406","volume":"120","author":"M Tanofsky-Kraff","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tanofsky-Kraff M, Shomaker LB, Olsen C, Roza CA, Wolkoff LE, Columbo KM, et al. A prospective study of pediatric loss of control eating and psychological outcomes. J Abnorm Psychol. 2011;120:108.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000592","volume":"75","author":"M Tanofsky-Kraff","year":"2020","unstructured":"Tanofsky-Kraff M, Schvey NA, Grilo CM. A developmental framework of Binge-Eating disorder based on pediatric loss of control eating. Am Psychol. 2020;75:189.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.11.027","volume":"87","author":"LM Shank","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shank LM, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Nelson EE, Shomaker LB, Ranzenhofer LM, Hannallah LM, et al. Attentional bias to food cues in youth with loss of control eating. Appetite. 2015;87:68\u201375.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104729","volume":"153","author":"E Van Malderen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Van Malderen E, Goossens L, Verbeken S, Kemps E. Multi-method evidence for a dual-pathway perspective of self-regulation in loss of control over eating among adolescents. Appetite. 2020;153:104729.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630000","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.630000","volume":"12","author":"E Van Malderen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Van Malderen E, Kemps E, Claes L, Verbeken S, Goossens L. A Dual-Pathway perspective on food choices in adolescents: the role of loss of control over eating. Front Psychol. 2021;12:630000.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-017-0263-z","volume":"45","author":"A Bauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bauer A, Schneider S, Waldorf M, Braks K, Huber TJ, Adolph D, et al. Selective visual attention towards oneself and associated state body satisfaction: an Eye-Tracking study in adolescents with different types of eating disorders. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2017;45:1647\u201361.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Child Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2011.12.029","volume":"198","author":"S Horndasch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horndasch S, Kratz O, Holczinger A, Heinrich H, H\u00f6nig F, N\u00f6th E, et al. Looks do matter--visual attentional biases in adolescent girls with eating disorders viewing body images. Psychiatry Res. 2012;198:321\u20133.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1459_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22771","volume":"50","author":"A Bauer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bauer A, Schneider S, Waldorf M, Cordes M, Huber TJ, Braks K, et al. Visual processing of one\u2019s own body over the course of time: evidence for the vigilance-avoidance theory in adolescents with anorexia nervosa? Int J Eat Disord. 2017;50:1205\u201313.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.08.006","volume":"220","author":"L Pinhas","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pinhas L, Fok K-H, Chen A, Lam E, Schachter R, Eizenman O, et al. Attentional biases to body shape images in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: an exploratory eye-tracking study. Psychiatry Res. 2014;220:519\u201326.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"1459_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sf\u00e4rlea A, Radix AK, Schulte-K\u00f6rne G, Legenbauer T, Platt B. Attention biases for eating disorder-related stimuli versus social stimuli in adolescents with anorexia nervosa\u2014an eye-tracking study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol. 2023;51(4):541\u2013555.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-022-00993-3"},{"key":"1459_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0154462","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0154462","volume":"11","author":"J Svaldi","year":"2016","unstructured":"Svaldi J, Bender C, Caffier D, Ivanova V, Mies N, Fleischhaker C, et al. Negative mood increases selective attention to negatively valenced body parts in female adolescents with anorexia nervosa. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0154462.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2012.09.020","volume":"73","author":"S Horndasch","year":"2012","unstructured":"Horndasch S, Heinrich H, Kratz O, Moll GH. The late positive potential as a marker of motivated attention to underweight bodies in girls with anorexia nervosa. J Psychosom Res. 2012;73:443\u20137.","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"1459_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001994","volume":"48","author":"S Horndasch","year":"2018","unstructured":"Horndasch S, Kratz O, Van Doren J, Graap H, Kramer R, Moll GH, et al. Cue reactivity towards bodies in anorexia nervosa \u2013 common and differential effects in adolescents and adults. Psychol Med. 2018;48:508\u201318.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"1459_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romero Frausto H, Rahder I, Dalhoff AW, Roesmann K, Romer G, Jungh\u00f6fer M et al. Visual body size estimation in adolescent anorexia nervosa: behavioural and neurophysiological data suggest intact visual perception and biased emotional attention. Transl Psychiatry. 2024;14:1\u201310.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-024-03144-y"},{"key":"1459_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104710","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2020.104710","volume":"151","author":"KE Hagan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hagan KE, Alasmar A, Exum A, Chinn B, Forbush KT. A systematic review and meta-analysis of attentional bias toward food in individuals with overweight and obesity. Appetite. 2020;151:104710.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.117.2.369","volume":"117","author":"MM Bradley","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bradley MM, Sabatinelli D, Lang PJ, Fitzsimmons JR, King W, Desai P. Activation of the visual cortex in motivated attention. Behav Neurosci. 2003;117:369\u201380.","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"1459_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.23560","volume":"54","author":"N Stott","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stott N, Fox JRE, Williams MO. Attentional bias in eating disorders: A meta-review. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54:1377\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2018.01.019","volume":"123","author":"M Stojek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Stojek M, Shank LM, Vannucci A, Bongiorno DM, Nelson EE, Waters AJ, et al. A systematic review of attentional biases in disorders involving binge eating. Appetite. 2018;123:367\u201389.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramalho SM, Concei\u00e7\u00e3o E, Tavares AC, Freitas AL, Machado BC, Gon\u00e7alves S. Loss of control over eating, inhibitory control, and reward sensitivity in children and adolescents. a systematic review; 2023; 15 (12):2673.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15122673"},{"issue":"4","key":"1459_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-022-00993-3","volume":"51","author":"A Sf\u00e4rlea","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sf\u00e4rlea A, Radix AK, Schulte-K\u00f6rne G, Legenbauer T, Platt B. Attention biases for eating Disorder-Related stimuli versus social stimuli in adolescents with anorexia Nervosa \u2013 An Eye-Tracking study. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022. 2022;51(4):51:541\u201355.","journal-title":"Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022"},{"key":"1459_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.22998","volume":"52","author":"J Kerr-Gaffney","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerr-Gaffney J, Harrison A, Tchanturia K. Eye-tracking research in eating disorders: A systematic review. Int J Eat Disord. 2019;52:3\u201327.","journal-title":"Int J Eat Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103210","volume":"9","author":"B Porras-garcia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Porras-garcia B, Ferrer\u2010garcia M, Serrano\u2010troncoso E, Carulla\u2010roig M, Soto\u2010usera P, Miquel\u2010nabau H, et al. Validity of virtual reality body exposure to elicit fear of gaining weight, body anxiety and body\u2010related attentional bias in patients with anorexia nervosa. J Clin Med. 2020;9:1\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"1459_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0145886","volume":"10","author":"B Tuschen-Caffier","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tuschen-Caffier B, Bender C, Caffier D, Klenner K, Braks K, Svaldi J. Selective visual attention during mirror exposure in anorexia and bulimia nervosa. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:1\u201318.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0676-y","volume":"48","author":"RS Hessels","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hessels RS, Kemner C, van den Boomen C, Hooge ITC. The area-of-interest problem in Eyetracking research: A noise-robust solution for face and sparse stimuli. Behav Res Methods. 2015;48:1694.","journal-title":"Behav Res Methods"},{"key":"1459_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000184","volume":"125","author":"TL Rodebaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodebaugh TL, Scullin RB, Langer JK, Dixon DJ, Huppert JD, Bernstein A, et al. Unreliability as a threat to Understanding psychopathology: the cautionary Tale of attentional bias. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:840.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Meissel EEE, Liu H, Stevens ES, Evans TC, Britton JC, Letkiewicz AM et al. The reliability and validity of response-based measures of attention bias. Cognit Ther Res. 2022;46:146\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-021-10212-w.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-021-10212-w"},{"key":"1459_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parsons S, Kruijt AW, Fox E. Psychological science needs a standard practice of reporting the reliability of cognitive-behavioral measurements. Adv Methods Pract Psychol Sci. 2019;2:378\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2515245919879695","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919879695"},{"key":"1459_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000036","volume":"27","author":"RB Price","year":"2015","unstructured":"Price RB, Kuckertz JM, Siegle GJ, Ladouceur CD, Silk JS, Ryan ND, et al. Empirical recommendations for improving the stability of the dot-probe task in clinical research. Psychol Assess. 2015;27:365\u201376.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"1459_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giel K, Zipfel S, Schag K. Binge eating disorder-state of the art. Nervenarzt. 2025;96:238\u201346.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-025-01818-6"},{"key":"1459_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanofsky-Kraff M, Schvey NA, Grilo CM. A developmental framework of binge-eating disorder based on pediatric loss of control eating. Am Psychol. 2020;75:189.","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000592"},{"key":"1459_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanofsky-Kraff M, Marcus MD, Yanovski SZ, Yanovski JA. Loss of control eating disorder in children age 12y and younger: proposed research criteria. Eat Behav. 2008;9:360.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eatbeh.2008.03.002"},{"key":"1459_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Shomaker LB, Tanofsky-Kraff M, Elliott C, Wolkoff LE, Columbo KM, Ranzenhofer LM et al. Salience of loss of control for pediatric binge episodes: Does size really matter? Int J Eat Dis. 2010;43:707\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eat.20767.","DOI":"10.1002\/eat.20767"},{"key":"1459_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"435537","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00307","volume":"10","author":"J Blechert","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blechert J, Lender A, Polk S, Busch NA, Ohla K. Food-pics_extended-an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite: additional images, normative ratings and an updated review. Front Psychol. 2019;10:435537.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103805","volume":"138","author":"B Grafton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Grafton B, Teng S, MacLeod C. Two probes and better than one: development of a psychometrically reliable variant of the attentional probe task. Behav Res Ther. 2021;138:103805.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095505","volume":"15","author":"C Macleod","year":"2019","unstructured":"Macleod C, Grafton B, Notebaert L. Anxiety-Linked attentional bias: is it reliable? Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2019;15:529\u201354.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Clin Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiechert S, Grafton B, Macleod C, Wiers RW, Plessow F, Kleinsorge T et al. When alcohol adverts catch the eye: a psychometrically reliable dual-probe measure of attentional bias. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:13263.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413263"},{"key":"1459_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-018-9978-6","volume":"43","author":"Z Lyu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lyu Z, Zheng P, Wang Z. Time course of attentional biases toward body shapes in women who are overweight or obese. Cognit Ther Res. 2019;43:594\u2013602.","journal-title":"Cognit Ther Res"},{"key":"1459_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2020.1823813","volume":"62","author":"M Moradi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moradi M, Mozaffari H, Askari M, Azadbakht L. Association between overweight\/obesity with depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2021;62:555\u201370.","journal-title":"Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"1459_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2008.08.026","volume":"68","author":"JL Reilly","year":"2008","unstructured":"Reilly JL, Lencer R, Bishop JR, Keedy S, Sweeney JA. Pharmacological treatment effects on eye movement control. Brain Cogn. 2008;68:415\u201335.","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"1459_CR126","unstructured":"Ascione M, Carulla-Roig M, Miquel-Nabau H, Meschberger-Annweiler F-A, Serrano-Troncoso E, Ferrer-Garcia M et al. Eye-tracking and virtual reality-based attentional bias modification training to improve mirror exposure therapy: preliminary findings from a multiple case study with Anorexia Nervosa patients. Ann Rev CyberTherapy Telemed. 2023;21:33\u20139. https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85182469871&partnerID=40&md5=026b1790890eff07d9fa2237ffd578d5."},{"key":"1459_CR127","unstructured":"Sasse L, Stonawski V, Kratz O, Moll G, Horndasch S. Evaluating a computer-based body exposure paradigm for the treatment of body image disturbance in adolescent anorexia nervosa: effects on the attentional bias and emotions. Front Psychol. 2024;15. https:\/\/www.scopus.com\/inward\/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85213713498&doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2024.1483623&partnerID=40&md5=07ebb6fa7a99ea42ab9a4c5775f75e0c."},{"key":"1459_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fearnbach SN, Silvert L, Keller KL, Genin PM, Morio B, Pereira B et al. Reduced neural response to food cues following exercise is accompanied by decreased energy intake in obese adolescents. International Journal of Obesity 2016;40:77\u201383.","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2015.215"},{"key":"1459_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.03.018","volume":"91","author":"RAM Neimeijer","year":"2015","unstructured":"Neimeijer RAM, de Jong PJ, Roefs A. Automatic approach\/avoidance tendencies towards food and the course of anorexia nervosa. Appetite. 2015;91:28\u201334.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.05.077","volume":"274","author":"KS Young","year":"2020","unstructured":"Young KS, Rennalls SJ, Leppanen J, Mataix-Cols D, Simmons A, Suda M, et al. Exposure to food in anorexia nervosa and brain correlates of food-related anxiety: findings from a pilot study. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:1068\u201375.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"1459_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/erv.2639","volume":"27","author":"V Cardi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cardi V, Leppanen J, Mataix-Cols D, Campbell IC, Treasure J. A case series to investigate food-related fear learning and extinction using in vivo food exposure in anorexia nervosa: A clinical application of the inhibitory learning framework. Eur Eat Disorders Rev. 2019;27:173\u201381.","journal-title":"Eur Eat Disorders Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139177","volume":"10","author":"JM Alleva","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alleva JM, Sheeran P, Webb TL, Martijn C, Miles E. A meta-analytic review of stand-alone interventions to improve body image. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:1\u201332.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"1459_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2018.08.006","volume":"65","author":"TC Griffen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Griffen TC, Naumann E, Hildebrandt T. Mirror exposure therapy for body image disturbances and eating disorders: A review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2018;65:163\u201374.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR134","first-page":"243","volume":"0","author":"E Naumann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Naumann E, Werthmann J, Vocks S, Svaldi J, \u00dcberblicksartikels Z. Die spiegelkonfrontationstherapie Zur behandlung von K\u00f6rperbild- st\u00f6rungen Bei Essst\u00f6rungen \u2013 Evidenz. Wirkmechanismen Und Vorgehensweise. 2022;0:243\u201359.","journal-title":"Wirkmechanismen Und Vorgehensweise"},{"key":"1459_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartmann AS, Naumann E, Vocks S, Svaldi J, Werthmann J. Body exposure, its forms of delivery and potentially associated working mechanisms: how to move the field forward. Clin Psychol Europe. 2021;3:Article e3813.","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.3813"},{"key":"1459_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2024.107284","volume":"196","author":"D Werle","year":"2024","unstructured":"Werle D, Sablottny L, Tuschen-Caffier B, Svaldi J. Modifying biased attention towards food stimuli in binge eating disorder: A multi-session training study. Appetite. 2024;196:107284.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.120.1.3","volume":"120","author":"JMG Williams","year":"1996","unstructured":"Williams JMG, Mathews A, MacLeod C. The emotional Stroop task and psychopathology. Psychol Bull. 1996;120:3\u201324.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"key":"1459_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1037\/abn0000184","volume":"125","author":"TL Rodebaugh","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rodebaugh TL, Scullin RB, Langer JK, Dixon DJ, Huppert JD, Bernstein A, et al. Unreliability as a threat to Understanding psychopathology: the cautionary Tale of attentional bias. J Abnorm Psychol. 2016;125:840\u201351.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.030","volume":"97","author":"M Field","year":"2008","unstructured":"Field M, Cox WM. Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2008;97:1\u201320.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"1459_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2006.10.008","volume":"38","author":"RH Phaf","year":"2007","unstructured":"Phaf RH, Kan KJ. The automaticity of emotional stroop: a meta-analysis. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2007;38:184\u201399.","journal-title":"J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry"},{"key":"1459_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.95.1.15","volume":"95","author":"C MacLeod","year":"1986","unstructured":"MacLeod C, Mathews A, Tata P. Attentional bias in emotional disorders. J Abnorm Psychol. 1986;95:15\u201320.","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00109-X","volume":"35","author":"K Mogg","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mogg K, Bradley BP, De Bono J, Painter M. Time course of attentional bias for threat information in non-clinical anxiety. Behav Res Ther. 1997;35:297\u2013303.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930341000158","volume":"18","author":"K Mogg","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mogg K, Bradley BP, Miles F, Dixon R. BRIEF REPORT time course of attentional bias for threat scenes: testing the vigilance-avoidance hypothesis. Cogn Emot. 2004;18:689\u2013700.","journal-title":"Cogn Emot"},{"key":"1459_CR144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2003.08.001","volume":"42","author":"EHW Koster","year":"2004","unstructured":"Koster EHW, Crombez G, Verschuere B, De Houwer J. Selective attention to threat in the Dot probe paradigm: differentiating vigilance and difficulty to disengage. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42:1183\u201392.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.12.011","volume":"44","author":"EHW Koster","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koster EHW, Crombez G, Verschuere B, Van Damme S, Wiersema JR. Components of attentional bias to threat in high trait anxiety: facilitated engagement, impaired disengagement, and attentional avoidance. Behav Res Ther. 2006;44:1757\u201371.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"1459_CR146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.96.3.433","volume":"96","author":"J Duncan","year":"1989","unstructured":"Duncan J, Humphreys GW. Visual search and stimulus similarity. Psychol Rev. 1989;96:433\u201358.","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"1459_CR147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.01.020","volume":"136","author":"W van Ens","year":"2019","unstructured":"van Ens W, Schmidt U, Campbell IC, Roefs A, Werthmann J. Test-retest reliability of attention bias for food: robust eye-tracking and reaction time indices. Appetite. 2019;136:86\u201392.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105934","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2022.105934","volume":"171","author":"A Soleymani","year":"2022","unstructured":"Soleymani A, Mazidi M, Neimeijer R, de Jong PJ. Eating disorder-specific rumination moderates the association between attentional bias to high-calorie foods and eating disorder symptoms: evidence from a reliable free-viewing eye-tracking task. Appetite. 2022;171:105934.","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"1459_CR149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01105-2","volume":"53","author":"B Platt","year":"2022","unstructured":"Platt B, Sf\u00e4rlea A, Buhl C, Loechner J, Neum\u00fcller J, Asperud Thomsen L, et al. An Eye-Tracking study of attention biases in children at high Familial risk for depression and their parents with depression. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2022;53:89\u2013108.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"1459_CR150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00195-1","volume":"41","author":"L Carreti\u00e9","year":"2001","unstructured":"Carreti\u00e9 L, Mercado F, Tapia M, Hinojosa JA. Emotion, attention, and the negativity bias, studied through event-related potentials. Int J Psychophysiol. 2001;41:75\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Psychophysiol"},{"key":"1459_CR151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1080\/87565640903526504","volume":"35","author":"G Hajcak","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hajcak G, Macnamara A, Olvet DM. Event-related potentials, emotion, and emotion regulation: an integrative review. Dev Neuropsychol. 2010;35:129\u201355.","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"1459_CR152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(99)00044-7","volume":"52","author":"BN Cuthbert","year":"2000","unstructured":"Cuthbert BN, Schupp HT, Bradley MM, Birbaumer N, Lang PJ. Brain potentials in affective picture processing: covariation with autonomic arousal and affective report. Biol Psychol. 2000;52:95\u2013111.","journal-title":"Biol Psychol"},{"key":"1459_CR153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91460","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2014.00617","volume":"5","author":"J Blechert","year":"2014","unstructured":"Blechert J, Meule A, Busch NA, Ohla K. Food-pics: an image database for experimental research on eating and appetite. Front Psychol. 2014;5:91460.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"}],"container-title":["Journal of Eating Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T12:02:43Z","timestamp":1767873763000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["1459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40337-025-01459-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["2050-2974"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2050-2974","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"26 March 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 November 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"9"}}